книги / Английский язык
..pdfship to another, when spacecraft are repaired in flight, etc.* Belyayev and Leonov’s flight showed that an astronaut, wearing a special spacesuit with an autonomous life-support sys tem, can leave the ship, move freely in outer space and work
there.
A distinguishing feature of this flight was also the use of manual controls during the ship’s descent to the Earth, an opera tion which was brilliantly performed by first pilot Pavel Belyayev.
Glancing back at the initial stage of space flights, one should note that approximately a year after Gagarin’s flight an Ameri
can spaceman also made an orbital flight. |
In |
time the |
duration |
of flights gradually increased along with |
the |
scope |
of flight |
prpgrammes. When the Gemini project was developed, the walk in space was repeated, and the rendezvous of spaceships was achieved,-the duration of flight being extended to two weekst Comparing the first manned flight with any present one, we must emphasize that the duration of flights has greatly increased.
By the second half of 1965 the maximum altitude of flight of American manned spaceships had reached 346 km. The USA, which had at its disposal less powerful carrier rockets than the
USSR, was greatly restricted in the weight |
of spaceships |
used |
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for these flights. For instance, the weight of |
the |
Mercury |
was |
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about 1.3 |
tons, and that of Gemini — 3.2 |
tons, |
whereas |
the |
weights of |
Vostok and Voskhod were 4.7 |
tons |
and 5.3 |
tons |
respectively.
One should say that a characteristic feature of all the flights of Soviet astronauts was that some new problem was tackled each time. Due to this approach it was feasible to settle in a comparatively short period of time a large number of very important questions involved in man’s stay in outer space. Next to come will be longer space flights during which the astronauts will have to work actively inside and outside the ship. The problems arising cannot be solved by merely “photographing” the reactions that will occur during space flight. It is becoming increasingly apparent that there is a need for studying the intricate internal mechanisms that enable the body to adapt itself to the new conditions in different stages of the flight, as well as a need for a precise quantitative analysis of biological pheno mena associated with the influence of outer space factors.
The length of astronauts’ stay in the conditions of weight lessness and intensified radiation of outer space will increase. Whereas formerly the duration of flight of manned satellites was measured in days, it now comes to weeks. The flights of astro nauts who circuit the globe in orbital research stations are of even greater duration.21
1 ranks on a par — стоит в одном ряду 2 etc.— лат. et cetera — и так далее
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Слова и словосочетания для запоминания
пairlock, approach, descent, disposal, multi-seater spaceship, rendezvous, spacesuit, stay
vadapt, occur, repair, restrict, settle, tackle
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airless, apparent, diverse, feasible, |
intricate, |
manual, |
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adv |
precise |
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comparatively, merely |
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prep |
due |
to |
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cj |
whereas |
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УПРАЖНЕНИЯ |
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129. Прочтите и переведите словосочетания: |
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1. |
the |
multi-seater spaceship flight; |
2. space |
research; |
3. space |
research stages; 4. outer space |
conditions; 5. the |
ship’s descent path; 6. the flight duration; 7. outer space factors; 8. the weightlessness conditions; 9. the coasting flight time
130. Прочтите и переведите предложения, содержащие слова “one (ones)” и “that (those)”:
1. These problems cannot be solved by merely analysing the events that have occurred during this flight. 2, One has to study intricate mechanisms to be able to perform" comparatively simple maneuvers. 3. Summing up the results of the explorations of the Moon made by space rocket systems, one can say that the effort
made has enriched science with some important |
results. |
4. |
A |
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problem of particular importance is that of the |
economy of |
fuel |
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in interplanetary flight. 5. The second method |
of |
protecting |
the |
re-entry body, and one which has become of increasing impor tance, is that of ablation or mass transfer. Ъ. The purpose of the pump is to increase the fluid pressure level from that in the tank to that required to establish the thrust chamber pressure. 7. The most useful propellants are those with end products that have a low mean molecular weight. 8. To reach the moon, a spacecraft must acquire a speed that is a trifle less than the earth’s escape velocity. 9. One expects that a manual control during the space craft descent to the earth will be employed. 10. The specific impulse of new propellants will be 25 per cent higher than that
of the existing ones. |
11. The nuclear rocket is |
basically similar |
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to the chemical one, |
but the |
propellant |
gases |
are |
heated |
by |
nuclear, instead of chemical |
reaction. 12. |
Fuel |
cells |
that |
are |
similar to the chemical batteries, in principle, represent quite a radical departure in form. 13. The greater part of the power sources was in the jettisonable compartments, only those that operated the deceleration equipment and the probe’s instrumen tation after landing were installed in the rocket’s control system compartment and on the probe respectively. 14. Among the
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possible sources of power for engines one has to consider the possibility of applying nuclear energy. 15. Problems that will have, to be tackled before man can get to Mars are not so associated with the spacecraft as with the man himself. 16. An opportunity of sending a spacecraft to Mars occurs only once every two years if the route chosen is to be the shortest one.
131. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод сказуемого:
1. |
The |
engineer was |
to settle this |
problem |
in a comparati |
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vely |
short |
period of time. 2. It is becoming apparent that there |
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is-a |
need |
for studying |
the intricate |
steering |
devices. |
3. The |
materials |
of the experiments were being processed and |
studied. |
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4. It was |
announcedthat |
the planned |
programme of work of the |
scientific station Salyut 3 had been carried out in its entirety. 5. The task was to land the recoverable apparatus in the prede
termined area in the Soviet Union. 6. The energy involved |
in |
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photons would be equivalent |
to over 1,000-times the |
amount |
of |
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electricity produced annually in the world today. 7. |
The trajec |
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tory for a lunar probe, for |
example, is |
significantly |
influenced |
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by the gravitational effects |
of the sun. |
8. All space |
vehicles |
of |
the future will descend vertically into rather small spaces, many flights coming to an end on the top of city sky-scrapers. 9. Present rocket technology relies on high initial speeds which gradually decrease, whereas to acquire half the speed of light, a continuously firing thruster would be needed. 10. If the pro jectile is given a horizontal component of velocity this component is not affected by the acceleration of gravity. 11. It should be noted that the optical-mechanical system meets rigid* space requirements in respect to the weight and size of the device, its power consumption and reliability of performance. 12. The designer had to tackle some important problems involved in man’s stay in outer space. 13. A body which is moving in space
and which is acted |
upon by a central force field, |
such as |
that |
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of gravity, possesses a total |
energy — known |
as |
the |
total |
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specific mechanical |
energy. This |
energy presents |
the |
ability of |
the body to do work due to its velocity and its positions. 14. The
duration of the Salyut 3 station’s flight had |
originally |
been |
set |
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at 90 days. |
Since additional possibilities |
in |
the operation |
of |
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on-board systems were revealed in the course of the |
flight, the |
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station was |
to |
continue |
to operate |
on |
an |
automatic |
regime. |
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15. During |
the |
flight of |
Salyut 3, |
tests were |
carried |
out under |
the manual and automatic modes of operation, of a high-precision control system, an electromechanical stabilizing system, an autonomous navigation system, power-supply systems with revolving panels of solar batteries, thermal-regulation, life-support and radio communication systems, and also engine systems.
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132. Переведите, обращая внимание на значение префикса “multi-”:
1.multi-seater; 2. multimode; 3. multistaged; 4. multipurpose;
5.multipropellant; 6. multinozzle; 7. multifunction; 8. multi phase; 9. multichannel; 10. multinational
133.Переведите прилагательные, обращая внимание на значение суф фикса “-less”:
.1. airless; 2. powerless; 3. motionless; 4. weightless; 5. water less; 6. lifeless; 7. careless; 8. helpless
134. Укажите дробью антонимы: к каждому слову из левой колонки (числитель) подберите его антоним из правой (знаменатель):
1. |
diverse |
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1. |
incompatible |
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2. |
favourable |
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2. |
impossible |
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3. |
intricate |
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3. |
to recede |
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4. |
to diminish |
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4. |
inaccurate |
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5. |
manual |
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5. |
ascent |
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6. |
to approach |
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6. |
simple |
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7. |
precise |
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7. |
to enhance |
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8. |
feasible |
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8. |
initial |
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9. |
descent |
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9. |
monotonous |
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10. compatible |
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10. |
unfavourable |
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11. terminal |
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11. |
automatic |
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135. |
К каждому словосочетанию подберите русский эквивалент: |
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1. to |
restrict |
the |
weight |
of |
1. применение ручного управ |
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2. |
the |
spaceship |
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2. |
ления |
многоместного |
кос |
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to tackle the problem of |
запуск |
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3. |
compatibility |
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of |
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мического |
корабля |
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apparent |
advantages |
3. длительность |
пребывания |
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4. |
this |
engine |
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4. |
в космосе |
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вес космиче |
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to remain in airless space |
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ограничивать |
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.5. diverse maneuvers |
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ского корабля |
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5. явные |
преимущества этого |
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6. the use of manual control |
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двигателя |
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совмес |
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6. решать |
проблему |
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7. |
the launching of a multi- |
7. |
тимости |
в |
безвоздуш |
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оставаться |
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8. |
seater spaceship |
stay |
in |
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8. |
ном пространстве |
кораб |
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the |
duration of |
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спуск космического |
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9. |
space |
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of |
space |
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ля |
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the |
rendezvous |
9. разнообразные маневры |
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10. |
ships |
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10. |
встреча космических |
ко |
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the descent of the space |
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ship |
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раблей |
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136. Прочтите и переведите без словаря:
1. a feasible approach to the problem; 2. to settle a large number of comparatively difficult tasks; 3. intricate mechanisms; 4. the rendezvous of ships occurring in space; 5. an apparent need for repairing a compartment; 6. the engineer having a precise analysis at his disposal; 7. to adapt to weightlessness conditions; 8. to use a special airlock; 9. a special spacesuit with an autonomous life-support system; 10. due to proper maintenance
137.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:
1.The astronaut left the spaceship cabin through a special airlock. 2. One may say that the rendezvous of spaceships was achieved. 3. This problem cannot be solved by merely comparing the results of the experiments. 4. One knows that the weight of the Mercury was about 1.3 tons, and that of Gemini — 3.2 tons, whereas the weights of Vostok and Voskhod were 4.5 tons and
5.3tons respectively. 5. At that time the USA had at its disposal 'less powerful carrier rockets than the USSR. 6. Being in. airless
space, Alexei Leonov was protected only by his spacesuit that had an autonomous life-support system. 7. When the spaceships
were repaired, |
the astronauts |
had to move from one spaceship |
to another. 8. |
Manual control |
that was employed during the |
ship’s descent to the Earth was performed by first pilot Pavel Belyayev.
138.Найдите в тексте “Walk in Space” ответы на вопросы:
1.Who took the world’s first walk in space?
2.What did Belyayev and Leonov’s flight show?
3.What was a distinguishing feature of this flight?
4.Was the USA greatly restricted in the weight of spaceships
by the second half of 1965?
5.What was the weight of the Mercury?
6.What was the weight of Vostok?
7.When was the walk in space repeated?
8.Will the length of astronauts’ stay in the conditions of weightlessness and intensified radiation of outer space increase?
139.Прочтите и переведите без словаря:
Soviet Moon Satellites
Luna 10 was put into orbit round the Moon on April 3, 1966 and became the first artificial Moon satellite. One should say that this experiment was the beginning of a new stage in the exploration of the Moon and lunar space. The rocket carrying Luna 10 was launched on March 31, 1966, first placing Luna 10
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into an artificial Earth satellite orbit with an altitude of 250 km at the apogee and 200 km at the perigee, and boosted the probe’s velocity to 10.87 km per sec. After the liquid jet engine had been started twice for correcting the trajectory and braking1 so as to inject the probe into a lunar orbit, the probe was separated
from the carriersystem. Its weight |
was |
245 kg, |
without |
the |
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carrier system |
that |
went |
into the |
same orbit. |
The |
period |
of |
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rotation was 2 |
hours |
58 minutes 15 seconds, the |
maximum |
alti |
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tude over the |
surface of |
the Moon |
being |
1,017 |
km |
and |
the |
minimum 350 km. The angle of inclination 21 to the plane of the lunar equator was 71°54' Luna 10 carried instrumentation for determining the radiation and meteorite conditions, the infrared and gamma-ray emissions of the lunar surface, the magnetic field of the Moon and the-concentration of solar plasma in lunar space. The Moon’s gravitation was also investigated.
Luna 11 was put into a lunar orbit on August 28, 1966 to continue the scientific investigations of the Moon and lunar space that had been started by the previous, luniks. The Luna 11 trajec tory was similar to that of the Luna 10, but the orbit was inclined 72° to the lunar equatorial plane. The new satellite carried out extensive investigations in a plane close to an equatorial one.
1 braking —торможение
2inclination —наклонение
140.Прочтите и переведите со словарем:
Return from Space
Some missions do not require that any "part of the space vehicle return to Earth. Communications satellites, for instance,
are designed |
to accomplish their mission while in |
orbit ,and there |
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is |
ntTmecessity for them to return |
to Earth. Therefore, there |
is |
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no |
re-entry |
problem.' Deep-space |
probes are |
designed |
to |
telemeter all the necessary data back to Earth. For vehicles that are not required to return to Earth, only a very modest protec
tion must be provided |
for exit |
through |
the |
atmosphere |
as |
the |
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velocity of |
the |
launch |
vehicle |
through |
the |
dense |
part |
of |
the |
atmosphere |
is |
rather |
low. The |
velocity |
starts out |
at |
zero |
at |
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launch and |
builds up, |
but as |
the velocity |
increases the |
vehicle |
is traversing less and less dense atmosphere, and is therefore experiencing less and less heating.
The vehicles that must successfully survive re-entry through the Earth’s atmosphere are:
a)Ballistic missile re-entry vehicles that must deliver a warhead to a target without burning up or disintegrating.
b)Re-entry vehicles containing data of results of space experiments.
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c) Re-entry vehicles for visual observation of the effects of space on the re-entry vehicle itself and on the instruments and equipment carried.
d) Re-entry vehicles that house human occupants.
The bodies that must successfully survive passing through the atmosphere or lack of atmosphere of. the Moon or other solar planets are those that:
e) |
Carry instruments to report on |
the |
surface environment. |
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f) |
Carry human occupants. |
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As instruments and equipment can be designed to withstand |
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much |
higher g-loadings |
than man |
can |
withstand, |
manned |
re-entry vehicles must be |
designed to |
take |
advantage |
of any |
design feature that will tend to reduce the g-loading. Man can normally be expected to take as high as 50 g’s for a very short period but instruments and equipment can be designed to take many times this load and to withstand some heating at the same time.
All vehicles traversing space must also be able to withstand the radiation encountered in space. This must be considered not only for manned space vehicles but even for space vehicles carrying only instruments as radiation tends to change the phy sical properties of some materials.
A large variety of missions have already been performed in space and many more are scheduled for the future. Manned re-entry from earth-satellite orbits has become commonplace. Soon, manned re-entry, into the Earth’s atmosphere from deepspace probes will be equally commonplace as Well as entry into the atmospheres of other solar planets and the Moon.
УРОК 10
Гр а м м а т и к а: Бессоюзные придаточные предложения (§ 15) Т е к с т : Soyuz and Apollo Spacecraft
ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕУПРАЖНЕНИЯ
141. Прочтите и переведите, обращая внимание на перевод бессоюзных придаточных предложений:
1. The experiment the students have made is of great impor tance for the laboratory. 2. The thrust is the force a rocket engine produces. 3. The principle the rocket engine operates upon is Newton’s third law of motion. 4. All the rockets we are using now are divided into several classes. 5. The thrust the propulsion system produces at launching is a very important parameter. 6. The problems of jet propulsion and gas dynamics the students must study are of great importance for future flights. 7. The major changes' in the design the engineers have made will improve the engine operation. 8. The type of the spacecraft we
have just mentioned will |
be used in |
future manned |
flights. |
9. Fuel cells the designers |
had selected |
provided electric |
power |
for the two-man Gemini spacecraft. 10. The main control panels are located in the module the crew occupies during launch into
orbit. 11. The experiments in space |
he referred to will be |
the |
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basis for future |
investigations. 12. |
The flight of the two ships |
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we |
are speaking |
about offers great possibilities for joint scienti |
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fic |
experiments. |
13. The problems |
of interplanetary flights |
the |
scientist deals with in his article must be thoroughly studied by rocket engineers. 14. The parts of the system an external pressure acts upon must be protected. 15. A storage tank is the tank the propellants are stored in.
142. Прочтите слова и словосочетания:
to modify ['modifai], modified, a modified version; to manufacture [,maenju'faekt/9], manufactured; unique [ju:'ni:k], a unique mission, a unique modification; cylindrical [siTindrikalj,
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a cylindrical shaped structure; atmosphere ['aetmasfia], diTTerenf atmospheres; periphery [pa'rifart], peripheral, peripheral docking system; antennae [aen'teni:], antennae mounted on the module; either ['ai5a], on either end of the module; to accommodate [a'komadeit], to accommodate two suited crewmen; rendezvous ['rondivuij, a rendezvous flight, a rendezvous mission, the experimental rendezvous mission; to pressurize ['pre/araiz], pressurized, a pressurized compartment; couch [kaut/], crew couches; manoeuvres [ma'nuwaz], certain orbital manoeuvres; extravehicular [,ekstravi'hikj’ul9], extravehicular activity; hab itable ['haebitoblj, habitable stations; partial ['ра:/э1], partial pressure, the partial consumption of the propellant
TEXT
SOYUZ AND APOLLO SPACECRAFT
Soyuz
The Soyuz-type spacecraft has been selected as the Soviet vehicle for the experimental rendezvous and docking test mis sion. The type of the spacecraft we have just mentioned has been the primary manned vehicle for the Soviet space program me since it was introduced in 1967. Various versions of the basic design have been used over a range of Earth orbital mission applications such as solo flight, manned and unmanned rendez vous flights, long-duration manned flight (18 days) and as a ferry to the orbital scientific station, ‘Salyut’.
This type of spacecraft consists of three basic modules:
(1)Descent module;
(2)Orbital module and
(3)Instrument module
The descent module is a pressurized compartment of segmen ted conical shape located between the orbital and instrumented modules. The crew couches and main control panels are located in the module the crew occupies during launch into orbit, descent and landing, and during certain manoeuvres and exercises performed in Earth orbit. This descent module is connected by a hatch to the orbital module, located above or in front of the descent module.
The orbital module is used as a compartment a crew rests and works in during the Earth orbit phase of its missions. The orbital module is approximately spherical and can also be operated as an airlock to perform extravehicular activity.
The instrument module is an unpressurized compartment at the bottom or rear of the spacecraft and contains the various sub-systems required for power, communications, propulsion and other functions.
The exact configuration of the vehicle used in the test mission is a modification to the basic Soyuz design including the compa tible rendezvous and docking equipment and possibly other requirements unique to the test mission. The compatible rendez vous and docking systems include:
(b) |
(a) Radio communications on the US and |
USSR frequencies; |
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radio |
guidance equipment; (c) |
optical |
tracking |
beacon; |
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(d)' |
peripheral-type docking |
system; |
(e) |
docking |
aids and |
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targets; and |
(f) equipment for |
crew transfer. |
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Most of the new compatible systems are located on the orbital module. For example, the new docking system is installed on the existing structural docking ring on the front, end of the space
craft. |
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Some basic characteristics of the Soyuz vehicle are: |
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Number of crewmen — 2 |
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Weight— 15,000 lb. |
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Overall length — 24 ft. |
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Diameter of the habitable modules — 7.5 ft. |
and |
oxygen mix |
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Cabin atmosphere — 14.7 psi1 (Nitrogen |
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ture) |
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Partial pressure of oxygen — 3.5 psi |
of |
5 |
days. |
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Consumable |
loading |
for a |
nominal flight |
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1 psi — pounds per |
square |
inch — фунтов |
на |
квадратный |
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дюйм |
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APOLLO |
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In order to perform the experimental test mission, the |
US |
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used an Apollo-type spacecraft |
and |
a new system |
referred |
to |
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as the |
docking |
module. The Apollo |
spacecraft |
is |
a modified |
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version |
of the |
command and |
service |
module |
flown during |
the |
first several lunar landing missions. The basic spacecraft has been manufactured and checked out. Some modifications were needed as a result of unique mission requirements. The major modifications the designers have made include additional propel lants, for the reaction control system, testers for thermal control, and the controls and displays required for the proper operation of the docking module.
The docking module is a cylindrical shaped structure, approxi mately 5 ft. in diameter and 10 ft. in length. It serves as an airlock for the internal transfer of crewmen between different atmospheres of the two spacecraft and much of the new compa tible equipment is located in this structure. On the forward end of this module, the new peripheral docking system is located. Radio communications, TV docking displays and antennae are also mounted on the module.
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