UPSTREAM

5Read the sentences. If a sentence is correct put a tick ( ). If it has a word which should not be there, write this word on the line.

1 A visit to the Rio will never be complete .......

2 if you don’t take part in the carnival .......

3 celebrations. It is the world’s most biggest .......

4 street party in where you can enjoy fantastic .......

5 costumes, bright decorations and a lots of .......

dancing.

(5 marks)

Communication

6	Find the question which matches the answers.
				Not really.
	1	(hotel)?	< I do, actually.
	2	(beach)?	<	Why not?
				It depends.
	3	(bike ride)?	<	Yes, sure.
				I can’t.
				Oh right, yes.
	4	(rubbish)?	< No problem.
	5	(weekend)?		I don’t think so.

< No, I’m not.

(5 marks)

7Complete the exchanges.

1	A: ........................................................................
	for a game of tennis after work?
	B: No, I’m afraid not. I have to finish this report.
2	A: ......................................................................	?
	B: Well, it costs í50 per day or í200 for a week.
3	A: ......................................................................	?
	B: Yes, sir, we accept Visa, Mastercard and
	American Express.
4	A: ......................................................................	?
	B: You can come and pick it up tomorrow
	morning.

5A: There are too many cars on the roads these days.

B: It ...........................................	for more people
to take the bus.
	(5 marks)

Self-Assessment Module 2

Listening

8	You will hear an interview with a member of an

environmental protection group. Listen and mark the sentences T (for true) or F(for false).

1 Dan is an aggressive person.

.............

2The ‘Act Now’ group planted flowers

to show people how they feel.	.............
3 ‘Act Now’ is for children.	.............

4Dan wants to teach people how to use

fertilizers and pesticides.

.............

5‘Act Now’ arranges public protests and

demonstrations.	.............
6 Dan knows lots of famous people.	.............

7Dan and his group spend a lot of time

on the computer.	.............
	(10 marks)

Speaking (making decisions)

9Your school has decided to join in a project to help the environment. Look at the pictures and, in pairs, decide which activities you could participate in, giving reasons.

collect rubbish

plant flowers

stray dogs

		recycling
		Useful phrases
ñ I think ...		ñ It would be a	ñ So that ...
ñ We should ...		good idea to ...	ñ Then ...
ñ Why don’t we	...?	ñ That way ...

(10 marks)

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Self-Assessment Module 2

Reading

10 You are going to read some geographical information about different English-speaking countries. For questions (1-12), choose the country (A-C). There is an example at the beginning.

A JOURNEY

THROUGH THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING WORLD

A Ireland

LAND: The Republic of Ireland takes up about 83% of the island of Ireland, which is located in northwestern Europe. Ireland is a small country with an area of just 70,285 km2. Although there are high mountains near the coasts, the central part of Ireland is flatter and used for farmland.

CLIMATE: Most of Ireland is mild and wet throughout the year, giving Ireland its green countryside and earning it the name The Emerald Isle.

PEOPLE: Dublin is both the capital and the largest city. However, only about 57% of the Irish people

today live in urban areas. The first Irish people probably came from Scandinavia to Scotland and then to Ireland about 8,000 years ago. Since then, Ireland has been invaded and colonised by Celts, Vikings, English and Scots. Today, most of Ireland’s 3,590,000 population are of Celtic origin. It was the Celts who first introduced the language we know today as Irish, which is one of the country’s official languages. English is the other official language.

B New Zealand

LAND: Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, New Zealand is a small country of about 270,543 km2. It is made up of two main islands, the North Island and the South Island, as well as a number of smaller islands. The North Island is famous for its volcanoes and many hot springs as well as its many forests, hills and mountains. The South Island has many high, snow-capped mountains.

CLIMATE: Most of the country is mild and rainy throughout the year, with the South Island much cooler than the North. PEOPLE: Although Wellington is the capital city, it is not the largest. About one third of New Zealand’s population lives in Auckland, the largest city in New Zealand. Today, only about 15% of all New Zealanders live in rural areas.

Most of New Zealand’s 3,683,000 population are descendants of British settlers. There are also increasing numbers of people of Asian and Pacific island descent living in New Zealand. About 526,000 Maoris also live in New Zealand. Their ancestors came from the Polynesian Islands about 1,000 years ago. Today, the official language of New Zealand is English, although many Maoris speak their own language, Maori, as well.

C Canada

LAND: Canada, with an area of 9,970,610 km2, is the second largest country in the world, spread across the top of North America. Canada is perhaps best known for its vast size, and variety of natural wilderness areas. The high mountains in the west of Canada are covered with green forests and crystal clear lakes, while in the centre are flat lands known as prairies. Further south, there are rolling hills.

CLIMATE: The climate ranges from temperate in the south to arctic in the north. In fact, the far north arctic landscape is so cold that trees cannot grow there. In the north the winters are cold and summers are short and quite cool, whereas in the south the winters are cold, and the summers are warm. It is wet on the coasts and dry in the centre. PEOPLE: Ottawa is the capital of Canada, but Toronto is the largest city, with a population of over 4 million. More than one third of Canada’s population of 29,450,000 are the descendants of British immigrants and there are almost as many descendants of French immigrants. This is why both English and French are the official languages of Canada. Other large immigrant groups include German, Italian and Asian people. Native American Indians and Inuit make up only a small part of Canada’s population.

Which country(ies)
ñ is smaller than only one other			ñ has an area where there are no trees? 6 .......
country?	0	C	ñ are made up of many different
ñ are islands?	1	....... 2 .......	cultural groups?	7 .......	8 .......
ñ has one official language?	3	.......	ñ have a population of about three
ñ have a constant climate throughout			million?	9 .......	10.......
the year?	4	....... 5 .......	ñ have minority racial groups?	11 .......	12.......

(15 marks)

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Writing

11 Your local council is going to publish a brochure called CleaningUpOurTown. The brochure will include short articles on how to improve the environment in your town. You have been asked to write a short article for this brochure on improving the quality of the water in the local rivers and lakes. Use the plan below to write your article.

(120-180 words)

Introduction

(Para 1) state problem: rivers and lakes polluted – people throw litter – factories dump industrial waste – can’t swim – can’t drink the water – must do something

Main Body

(Para 2) organise a clean up campaign – volunteers clean up rivers and lakes – put out more rubbish bins – less litter in water

(Para 3) fine factories that dump industrial waste into lakes and rivers – water pollution will decrease – cleaner water

Conclusion

(Para 4) restate opinion: local people and industry work together – clean up our lakes and rivers – can

swim and use the water again

(20 marks)

(Total = 100 marks)

Sing Along!

12a. Look at the pictures and the title of the song. Which of these problems do you expect to hear about? Listen and check.

Self-Assessment Module 2

b. Listen again and fill in, then sing.

There’s so much pollution Poisoning the 1) .......................

There is so much 2) .......................

We can see it everywhere 3) ....................... is disappearing

While everyone stands by The world we love is dying

And we’re the
4) .......................	why

Why are we killing our world

Why aren’t we doing our share

We can save our planet

We can help it survive

All it needs is a little care

If we all work together
Something can be done
We need a 5) .......................	campaign
Which involves everyone
We can slow down global 6)	.......................
We can stop the acid rain
We can heal our 7) .......................
We can help it live again

Why are we killing our world ...

If we don’t act quickly

Our world will soon be dead

We must leave our 8)	....................... at home
And use bicycles instead
We must stop using chemicals
And 9) .......................	fossil fuels

We must recycle all our 10) .......................

It’s so easy to do

We must stop killing our world ...

We must start doing our share ...

Progress Update

How do you rate your progress? Tick ( ) the box that applies to you.

	Excellent	Good	OK	Could do better
	****	***	**	*
Vocabulary &
Grammar
Listening
Speaking
Reading
Writing
Communication

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Life Matters

UNIT 5 Early to Bed ...

UNIT 6 Better Safe than Sorry

Module 3

Units 5-6

Before you start ...

When was the last time you went on holiday? Talk about it.

What can you do to protect the environment?

Listen, read and talk about ...

ñ	daily routines	ñ technology & leisure time
ñ	health problems &	ñ	technology at home
	symptoms	ñ	crime
ñ	stress & relaxation	ñ	computers

ñfeelings

ñcharacter adjectives

ñways to relax

Learn how to ...

ñexpress preferences

ñdescribe your feelings

ñdescribe a person’s character

ñmake deductions

ñspeculating

ñgive advice

ñmake an appointment

ñexpress your loss of temper

ñdescribe symptoms

Practise ...

ñmodal verbs (must, ought to, need, mustn’t, have to, should, could, would, may, might)

ñpast & perfect modals

ñclauses of reason

ñquestion tags

ñthe passive

ñrelatives

ñrelative defining – non-defining clauses

Phrasal verbs

ñgive

ñgo

ñhold

ñkeep

Write ...

ña letter to a friend about a health problem you had

ña set of school rules

ña short article about a famous health spot

ña for and against essay

ñan inventor’s short biography

ña newspaper article

ña diary entry

ñan opinion essay

Early to Bed...

Lead-in

1a. The title is from a well-known proverb. Can you complete it? What does it mean?

b.Describe the pictures on this page. What do you think their daily routines are?

c.What time do you usually wake up?

Do you wake up on your own, or do you need an alarm clock?

Do you often have late nights, or do you always go to bed early?

Do you have a strict daily routine? What do you usually do every day?

2a. Tick ( ) the points below which you feel describe you, then talk about yourself using adverbs of frequency.

clumsy, often have accidents ..........

often feel tired ..........

get ill more often than other people ..........

suffer from indigestion/headaches etc ..........

have health problems (e.g. heart problem,

muscular pains etc) ..........

have a regular sleep pattern ..........

have meals at the same times every day ..........

Iamnotusuallyclumsy. Idon’toftenhave acccidents.

b.How do you feel about your lifestyle? What would you like to change? Why? Compare answers with your partner.

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					‘Routine’ is usually	5
					seen as a negative term nowadays,
				largely because we no longer belong to a society
				of nine-to-fivers. We live in what is fast becoming a 24-
				hour society, where everything is open all hours. You can buy
				your groceries at midnight, book your holiday on the Internet at 3
				am, and do business online at the crack of dawn. Before you join
				the 24-hour revolution, however, take a minute to listen to what your
				body is trying to tell you – that a round-the-clock lifestyle is not what
				nature intended.
				In an area of our brains called the hypothalamus, we have a ‘body clock’
				that controls our body’s natural rhythms. It tells us when it’s the right time to			line 12
				eat, sleep, work and play. It plays an important part in our physical and
				psychological well-being. It is, in fact, what makes us tick and it controls many			line 14
			things including our hormones, temperature, immune functions and alertness. It
			synchronises all these like a conductor with an orchestra; it regulates tempo and
			brings in all the different instruments on time to make music rather than random noise. If we
			try to ignore our body clocks, or even to switch them off for a while, we not only deprive
		ourselves of much needed rest but we also run the risk of seriously damaging our health.
			Ignoring your body clock and changing your body’s natural rhythms can not only make you
		depressed, anxious and accident prone, it can lead to much more serious health problems. For
		example, heart disease, fatigue, ulcers, muscular pain, and frequent viral infections can all
		result from trying to outsmart our body clocks. Altering our patterns of sleeping and waking
		dramatically affects our immune system. While we sleep the body’s repair mechanisms are at
	Reading		work; when we are awake natural killer cells circulate around our bodies and cause more
			damage. Our digestive system is affected, too – high levels of glucose and fat remain in
3	a. What is the man		our bloodstream for longer periods of time and this can lead to heart disease.
			Unfortunately, we were not designed to be members of a 24-hour society. We
		below looking at?	can’t ignore millions of years of evolution and stay up all night and sleep all day.
		How do you think	We function best with a regular pattern of sleep and wakefulness that is in
		he feels? Why?	tune with our natural environment. Nature’s cues are what keep our
				body clocks	ticking rhythmically and everything working	in
	b. Is it important to have a			harmony. So, next time you think a daily routine is boring
		standard daily routine?		and predictable, remember that routine may well
					save your life in the long run.
		Why/Why not?
		Read the text to find out.			5 According to the text, we should
	c. Read the text again and choose the correct				A do things when our body tells us to.
		answer, A, B, C or D, for questions 1-6.			B organise our body clock according to a strict
					schedule.
1	What does itin line 12 refer to?				C use the natural environment to work out a regular
	A	our body’s natural rhythms			routine.
					D have a boring, slow-paced lifestyle.
	B	the hypothalamus
	C our body’s biological clock				6 According to the text, our body clock
	D	our brain			A can be changed without harm.
2	What does the word tickin line 14 mean?				B determines when we should do things.
	A	check			C helps us to fight sleep.
					D is a boring routine.
	B	motivate
	C	select
	D	function			d. Explain the words/phrases in bold. Which words
3 In what way is our body clock like the					in the text do you think come from another
					language? Are there any words in the text that
	conductor of an orchestra?
					are the same in your language?
	A The hypothalamus controls our actions.
	B It makes all the body’s functions work				Follow-up
		together at the right time.
	C The body clock is very precise.				4 Why has the writer written this article? Are there
	D We have a special programme.
4 If we change our sleep patterns, we					any points in the article you disagree with? Is there
					any information you did not know before reading
	A will get an infection.				the article? Compare answers with your partner.
	B will disturb our immune system.
	C will get heart disease.
	D get high levels of dangerous cells.

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Vocabulary Practice

Health Problems

5a. Look at the table and match the problems to their symptoms and causes.

Symptoms	Problem	Common Cause
can’t sleep	indigestion	not getting enough sleep
a bloated, painful stomach	asthma	a virus
headache, fever, aching muscles	insomnia	spending too much time in the sun
high temperature, nausea, dizziness	overtired	bacteria under the skin
a painful muscle contraction	flu	eating too much or too quickly
difficulty breathing, wheezing	cramp	doing too much exercise
can’t stop yawning	acne	stress, anxiety
runny nose, sore eyes, sneezing	heat stroke	an allergy to pollen
spots and red lumps on the face and neck	hay fever	an allergy to dust or animals

b.In pairs, use the table to talk about health problems, as in the example. Which of these problems have you experienced?

Ifyouhaveabloated,painfulstomach,thenyou’ve probablygotindigestion.Thisisusuallycausedbyeating toomuch,tooquickly.

c.What medical problems could you suffer ...

ñon a very hot day?

ñif you get wet on a cold day?

6a. Match the words in column A to those in column B to make collocations, then say what might give you each problem.

b.	Match the collocations to the advice.
ñ	take an aspirin	ñ ask the doctor to
ñ	put it in a sling	prescribe some
ñ	pinch your nose	medicine
ñ	put some ice on it	ñ rest the injured part
ñ	get some fresh air	ñ suck on a throat
ñ	drink plenty of fluids	lozenge

Ifyouhaveasplittingheadache,youshouldtakeanaspirin.

c. In pairs, act out dialogues, as in the example.

splitting	poisoning
black	wrist
sprained	bleed
travel	cold
pulled	headache
food	sickness
sore	muscle
streaming	eye
nose	throat

Youmaygetasplittingheadacheifyouworkonacomputer fortoolong.

A:I’vegotasplittingheadache.

B:Really?Why?

A:I’vebeenworkingonthecomputerallday.

B:Youshouldtakeanaspirin.

Writing

7Write a letter to a friend about a health problem that you have had recently. Write what caused it, when/where it happened and what you did about it.

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Stress and Relaxation

8Look at the list below and rank the stressful situations from 1 to 9, where 1 is the least stressful and 9 the most stressful. Compare your list to your partner’s and talk about the situations.

a			being stuck in a traffic jam
			doing the housework
b
			waiting in a queue for a long time
c
			being late for school/work
d
			missing the bus/train to school/work
e
			walking home alone at night
f
			going to the dentist
g
			taking an exam
h
			not being able to sleep at night
i

A:Tome,goingtothedentististhemoststressfulsituation. Ican’tstanddrills!Whataboutyou?

B:Well,Ijusthatebeingstuckintrafficjams.Ireallyget stressedwhenIhavetositandwaitforages.

9a. Look at the pictures. Which would you do to help you relax when you are stressed? You can add your own ideas.

play music

get together with friends

go shopping

go cycling

paint

go to the gym

Ipreferplayingtennistogoingtothegym. I’dratherwatchTVthanplaycomputergames.

b.In pairs, discuss what you prefer doing to relax. Use the table below.

I (really) enjoy/like/love/	I don’t like ...
prefer ....	I hate/detest/can’t stand ...
I’m fond of/interested in/	I’m not very fond of/
keen on	interested in/keen on ...
I find ... quite exciting/	I find ... a bit/rather boring/
relaxing/fascinating etc	tiring etc

A:Ifindpaintingquiterelaxing.

B:Really?I’mnotveryfondofdrawing,butIenjoyplaying

5

Describing Feelings

10 a. Study the table, then choose words from the list and make up pairs of sentences, as in the examples in the table.

Present/Past Participles

We use -ed participles to describe how we feel/felt:

IfeltsatisfiedwhenIpassedthetest.

We use -ing participles to say what an experience is/was like: Passingthetestwassatisfying.

ñ satisfied ñ disappointed ñ thrilled ñ tired ñ embarrassed ñ frightened ñ excited

ñ annoyed ñ fascinated ñ confused ñ worried ñ relaxed ñ bored ñ pleased ñ relieved

b. Listen and say how each speaker sounds, using words from the list above.

A ............... B ............... C ...............

11 Talk about two things – one pleasant and one unpleasant – that happened to you. Say what happened and how you felt about it, as in the examples.

WhenmydogwentmissingIfeltveryworried.

WhenmydogcamehomeagainIfelt relieved.

Character Adjectives

12 a. Match the character adjectives to the definitions.

	1		sociable	a	want things to be perfect
			sentimental	b	like going to parties
	2
			conservative	c	show pity/love
	3
			perfectionist	d	can be trusted
	4
			arrogant	e	hate change/new ideas
	5
			confident	f	can’t wait for long
	6
			moody	g	make sensible decisions
	7
			reliable	h	be sure of your abilities
	8
			practical	i	change feelings frequently
	9
			impatient	j	think you’re better than others
10

b.Which of the adjectives above best describe you/your friends? Give reasons. Use adjectives of your own as well.

IthinkI’mquitesociable,becauseIlikegoingtopartiesand beingwithfriends.

Iwouldn’tsayI’mshy,becauseIdon’tfeeluncomfortable withpeopleI’vejustmet.

squash.

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Grammar in use

Obligation, Prohibition,

Suggestion, Necessity

Grammar Reference

13 Read the sentences and match the verbs/modals in bold to their meanings. Which express: obligation? prohibition? suggestion? necessity?lackofnecessity?

1		Surgeons must wear masks during an operation.
		You ought to have an annual check-up.
2
		You must clean your teeth every day.
3
		You need to sleep for at least 7 hours a night.
4
		You mustn’t smoke in here.
5
		You don’t have to drive me to the station.
6
		You shouldn’t be rude to your mother.
7
		In the UK you have to be 17 to get a driving
8
		licence.

a It would be a good idea to do this. b This is a rule.

c You are not allowed to do this; it is forbidden. d It is important that you do this.

e It’s not necessary, but you can if you want to.

fThis is necessary.

g It would be a good idea not to do this. h This is very important; it is essential.

14 a. Use the prompts and make up three sentences each about doctors and nurses.

must/mustn’t

have to/ don’t have to

Nurses should/ shouldn’t

Doctors ought to/ ought not to

need to/ don’t need to

listen to their patients. study medicine at university. do shift work.

visit their patients at home. be impatient.

be kind to patients.

enjoy working with people. work long hours.

explain treatments to their patients.

Doctorsshouldlistentotheirpatients.

b.Write three sentences about patients, using the verbs listen, tell and visit.

15 Expand these signs into full sentences in as many ways as possible. Where might you see each sign?

No		DO NOT
smoking!		ENTER!

No No eating! talking!

Do not feed the animals!

Youmustnotsmoke.

Smokingisforbidden.

You are not allowed tosmoke.

We might find this signinapublicplace.

16 Join the sentences. Can you suggest another ending to each sentence?

Students have to study hard

Athletes have to exercise regularly

Everyone should have a first-aid kit at home

Patients with a heart condition must avoid stress

	in case	of an emergency.
	otherwise	they will have a
		heart attack.
	because	they must keep fit.
		they won’t pass
	or else	their exams.

WritingProject

Write a set of five rules about what students need to do while at school.

Permission, Request,

Ability, Possibility

Grammar Reference

17 Match the modals in bold to the functions below.

ñpossibility ñ lack of ability ñ permission

ñrequest ñ ability ñ lack of permission

1 Could/Would you help me with my homework?

2 You can’t/mustn’t/may not smoke in here.

3 You can/may borrow my dictionary.

4 He can play the piano really well.

5 He could/may/might have the flu.

6I can’t speak French.

18 Underline the correct modal, then explain its use.

1 Could/Would it be OK if I left early today? 2 He won’t/can’t see without his glasses.

3 No, you would not/may not borrow my car.

4 She isn’t inside; she might/can be in the garden. 5 You will/may go home if you aren’t feeling well.

Past & Perfect Modals

Grammar Reference

19 Match the modals in bold to their meaning.

1		I should have phoned my mum on her birthday.
		You needn’t have bought a ticket, because we
2
		had an extra one.
		He ought not to have shouted at his neighbour.
3
		Jim drove me to work, so I didn’t have to walk.
4
		He couldn’t/wasn’t able to play football until
5
		his leg healed.
		He didn’t need to go to the supermarket,
6
		because his wife had already done the shopping.

74