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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches”

Issue 1 (32), 2021 ISSN 2587-8093

the glossary, and 6) the appendix. This genre is characterized by syntactic structures typical for the scientific style: passive, impersonal constructions, compound and complex sentences. Reports are distinguished by their information and managerial focus. They reflect the views of authorities, serve as the means of providing information necessary for public relations, and work for maintaining the image of a company or organization.

Thus, nuclear genres have a special pragmatic potential and are characterized by thematic completeness, semantic self-sufficiency, striving for maximum objectivity, stable invariant structure and normative selection and combination of linguistic means.

2.Peripheral genres are represented by: 1) standards for technologies and equipment; 2) instructional texts: manuals for specialists and consumers; 3) press release.

1.Standard is a type of approved normative document with a certain period of validity which establishes the procedure for carrying out work or general standardized rules for producing or developing products / technological equipment. At the heart of the speech communication of the specified genre, regardless of the means and channels of information transmission, is a single model: the author of the text; recipient (addressee) and message (text). Like other scientific style texts, the standard has its own a) pragmatic and b) structural characteristics.

A. Pragmatic characteristics are determined by the parameters of the speech situation, which are inherent in predetermined topics (standardization of the process), objectified character of presentation with factual modality, the application of various types of judgments and the specified communication conditions. The author develops and regulates, the addressee accepts the prescribed requirements for their following execution.

B. The structural characteristics of the standard are manifested in the patterns of its construction: logical division and the presence of illustrative material. The textual format of the standard is a complete model, which includes the content, the preface, general information and normative references to documents that form the basis of the developed standard. The foreword explains the purpose. The text logically ends with sections "Terms, definitions and symbols" and “Bibliography” with variable number of references.

2.Instructional texts. User manual has the format of a regulatory document, created in order to inform the addressee about the characteristics of the object and the algorithm of actions, which implementation guarantees high-quality and reliable operation. Linguists do not have a common point of view on the style of this genre. The difficulty of its definition is explained by the lack of clear criteria that would allow for accurate segregation [8, p. 98]. The text of manuals, which is focused on the thoughtful perception of the prepared audience, is distinguished by the use of complex syntax in the form of extended sentences with subordinate clauses.

3.A press release is an up-to-date document organized for the press. It is characterized by an extended formation of an analytical and generalized presentation, supplemented by comments that help to create the effect of presence, where the information content plays a primary role.

As an example, let us consider the official information message delivered by the British Prime Minister Boris Johnson, published on the official government site on November 18, 2020 [12 *]. The analyzed text is a hybrid work that combines the features of scientific, journalistic and official styles [10, p. 43]. As a journalistic genre, it functions within the framework of the mass media environment and is focused on achieving certain goals: informative (message of significant information); imperative (inevitability, obligation and necessity of implementation); propaganda (setting with an appeal to citizens’ patriotism and their consciousness) and manipulative (influencing the audience, shaping public opinion). However, it has some features of official and scientific styles: formality, scientific motivation, concreteness, and laconism.

The metaphorical epithet "green revolution" in the headline "Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution for 250,000 jobs" gives the reader a pragmatic message that all government efforts will be focused on generating clean energy and using carbon-free transportation.

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches”

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The goal is, as the speaker makes clear: “to forge ahead with eradicating its contribution to climate change by 2050”. To increase the impact on the potential audience, the press release intentionally uses the expressive verb “eradicate”.

The strategic goals suggested by the Prime Minister are the basis of the SES paradigm. Therefore, the speech is full of terms typical for the specified professiolect: offshore energy; large scale nuclear; zero-emission public transport, energy efficient houses.

The British Prime Minister Boris Johnson's speech is emotional. It is full of qualitative phrases (cutting-edge technologies, advanced reactors, energy efficient homes and buildings, zero-emission planes and ships) and epithets (green-industrial-revolution, global center of green finance). Comparative adjectives like greener, better more attractive act as elements of picturesqueness which contribute to the creation of a certain evaluative scale in the mind of the addressee. A number of speech means used by the speaker are intended to intensify the focus on a specific result: quadrupling, aiming, with a target or to develop the first town heated entirely by hydrogen. Positive representations, as a rule, are presented in ideal-metaphorical categories: Developing the cutting-edge technologies needed to reach these new energy ambitions and make the City of London the global center of green finance.

Complex sentences are widely used in the text, since they are the most independent in semantic terms, within the their framework the development of thought is observed and its full logical completion occurs: Although this year has taken a very different path to the one we expected, I haven’t lost sight of our ambitious plans to level up across the country.

In representations of the future, there is a synthesis of specifics (real planned strategies), forecasts, prospects, and pathos, addressed to the emotional reaction of the audience: We will also launch a consultation on the phase out of new diesel HGVs to put the UK in the vanguard of zero emission freight. A number of language arsenals are used as markers of the future in the form of grammatical constructions of the Future Simple and Conditions: Other key parts of the plan will be driven forward by significant investment… .

Thus, despite the fact that peripheral genres represent three stylistic varieties, they have a number of common characteristics due to the special extralinguistic texture of the SES professiolect. They are characterized by compositional, thematic and semantic integrity. The regulatory texts tend to the means of compulsion and modality of obligation, which are conveyed by modal and imperative constructions. The speech means used in the press release are distinguished by a certain level of expressiveness. In terms of lexical content, all textual material of peripheral genres is characterized by the predominance of terminological units with monosemantic meaning.

Conclusion.

Scientific and technical texts of the SES professiolect, presented by nuclear and peripheral genres, are closely related to the research in the field of the smart energy. The specificity of the interaction between the author and the addressee in scientific and technical texts is characterized by duality and co-creation. Structurally, the textual material preserves the architectonics of the scientific style which is characterized by the division into semantic blocks. The typical productive syntactic models that most fully correspond to the nature of the textual material of the SES professiolect are: extended complex sentences with branched subordinate structures, compound sentences with a linear nature of communication, sentences with recursive syntax, passive and impersonal structures. Syntactic elements with formal expressiveness of the structure can be used in different contexts as a means of semantic compactness and explication of a

“wide range of expressiveness” [11, p. 96]. Despite the presence of common features that unite all of the above mentioned genres, each of them fulfills its own stylistic task, and is characterized by a variety of expressive means and content. The functional repertoire of expressive means used by authors in the SES professiolect is designed to increase the informative richness of the text, its objectivity, accessibility, monosemanticity, reliability, and accuracy.

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References

[1]Vladimirova T.L. Jazyk i stil' nauchnogo teksta: uchebnoe posobie [The language and style of a scientific text]. Tomskij politehnicheskij universitet. Tomsk: Izd-vo Tomskogo politehnicheskogo universiteta, 2010. 80 p. (In Russian).

[2]Evtjugina A.A. Funkcional'naja stilistika [Jelektronnyj resurs]: uchebnoe posobie [Functional linguistics: teaching aid]. Ekaterinburg: Izd-vo Ros. gos. prof.-ped. un-ta, 2018. 75 p. (In Russian).

[3]Kozhina M. N. O dialogichnosti pis'mennoj nauchnoj rechi: uchebnoe posobie po speckursu [About dialogic nature of written scientific speech]. Perm. gos. un-t im. A.M. Gor'kogo. – Perm': PGU, 1986. 91 p. (In Russian).

[4]Bol'shakova E.I., Baeva N.V. Napisanie i oformlenie uchebno-nauchnyh tekstov (kursovyh, vypusknyh, diplomnyh rabot). Sostavlenie prezentacij: Uchebno-metodicheskoe posobie [Writing and design of academic and research texts (course work, final papers). Making a presentation: study guide]. M.: Izdatel'skij otdel fakul'teta VMiK MGU imeni M.V. Lomonosova; MAKS Press, 2012. 64 p. (In Russian).

[5]Silkina O.M. Annotacija kak zhanr nauchnogo diskursa [Abstract as a genre of scientific discourse] // Vestnik JuUrGU. Serija «Lingvistika». – 2018. V. 15, № 3. pp.70–76. (In Russian).

[6]Cherkunova M.V. Pragmalingvisticheskie harakteristiki annotacij nauchnoj i uchebnoj literatury (na materiale anglojazychnyh izdanij). Avtoref. Dis. … kand. Filol [Pragmalinguistic characteristics of abstracts in scientific and academic books (based on the material of English publications). Cand. Philol. Sci. Diss. Abs.]. Samara, 2007. 20 p. (In Russian).

[7]Drozhashhih A.V. Semantika i funkcija anglijskih passivnyh konstrukcij v tekstah nauchnyh dokumentov. Avtoref. diss. … kand. filol. Nauk [Semantic and function of English Passive constructions in the texts of scientific documents. Cand. Philol. Sci. Diss. Abs.]. SanktPeterburg, 1991. 17 p. (In Russian).

[8]Karaban' N.A. Rechevoj zhanr instrukcii [Speech genre of a manual]. Izvestija Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo tehnicheskogo universiteta. 2008 T. 7 № 5. pp. 96–98. (In Russian).

[9]Chesnokova I.A. Zhanrovaja specifika pis'ma v budushhee v anglojazychnom virtual'nom diskurse [Specific of the genre a letter in the future in English virtual discourse. Cand. Philol. Sci. Diss.]. Tver', 2016. 176 p. (In Russian).

[10]Beloshapkin A.N. Stilisticheskie osobennosti press-reliza v kontekste sovremennogo publicisticheskogo diskursa (na primere press-relizov GU MChS ROSSII po Hakasii) [Stylistic peculiarities of a press release in the context of modern journalistic discourse (on the samples of press releases of SI MES of Russia in Khakassia] // Philology. Theory and Practice. Tambov: Gramota, 2013. № 9 (27): in 2 parts. P. II. pp. 42–46. (In Russian).

[11]Brandes M.P. Stilistika nemeckogo jazyka: Dlja in-tov i fak. inostr. jaz. [Stylistics of the German language: for universities and departments of foreign languages. Student’s Book] M.: Vyssh. Shk., 1983. 271 p. (In Russian).

Analyzed sources

[1*] Lund H., Mathiesen B. V., & Østergaard P. A. Book of abstracts: 5th International

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[2*] 4th International Conference on Smart Energy Systems and 4th Generation District Heating. URL: https://smartenergysystems.eu/conference-2018/ (время обращения – 02.09.20).

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[3*] International Energy Outlook 2016 With Projections to 2040, U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2016. 64 p.URL: www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo (время обращения – 12.09.19).

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[5*] Photovoltaic devices – Part 8 – 1: Measurement of spectral responsivity of multijunction photovoltaic (PV) devices. IEC 60904-8-1:2017. 25 p.

[6*] Photovoltaic devices – Part 1: Measurement of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics, IEC 60904–1:2020. Edition 3.0 2020-09. 67 p.

[7*] Micro Motion™ F-Series Coriolis Flow and Density Sensors, Installation Manual 20002298. Emerson, Rev CH 2020. 23 p.

[8*] E470 Series 3 SMETS2 100 mm (User Manual and Functional Description, DOOOO58620 en a – E470 Series 3 SMETS2 100 mm – ZCX 310 – User Manual and Functional Description. Landis+Gyr Ltd, 2018. 143 p.

[9*] Qubino Smart Meter Installation Manual. Qubino, 2015. 50 p.

[10*] 3-Stage Automatic Smart Battery Charger With LCD Display FBC 122408D, User Manual. FOXSUR, 2016. 6 p.

[11*] Trio II Touchscreen User Manual. Green Energy Options Ltd., 2015. 29 p.

[12*] Prime Minister Boris Johnson outlines his Ten Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution for 250,000 jobs. 18 November 2020. URL:https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm- outlines-his-ten-point-plan-for-a-green-industrial-revolution-for-250000-jobs (время обращения – 12.12.20).

[13*] R.A.C. van der Veen, R.A. Hakvoort. The electricity balancing market: Exploring the design challenge. Utilities Policy 43 (2016). pp. 186–194.

[14*] Nick Jenkins et al. An Overview of the Smart Grid in Great Britain, Engineering 2015, 1(4): 413–421 DOI 10.15302/J-ENG-2015112. pp. 413–421.

[15*] Berger М. et al. Large-signal modeling of three-phase dual active bridge converters for electromagnetic transient analysis in DC grids J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy (2019) 7(6). pp. 1684–1696. URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40565-019-0531-8 (время обращения – 03.02.20).

[16*] Bangash K.N. et al. Investigation of Energy Storage Batteries in Stability Enforcement of Low Inertia Active Distribution Network. Technology and Economics of Smart Grids and Sustainable Energy (2019) 4:1. pp. 1–12.

[17*] Child M. et al. Flexible electricity generation, grid exchange and storage for the transition to a 100% renewable energy system in Europe. Renewable Energy 139 (2019). pp. 80– 101.

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches”

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DOI 10.36622/MLMDR.2021.32.1.002

UDC 81’37

ABOUT THE CREATION OF A NEW SEMANTIC

TYPOLOGIES OF ENGLISH SPATIAL ADVERBS

I.A. Zhilina, M.E. Pankratova

Voronezh Institute of

The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Foreign Languages

Irina Anatolyevna Zhilina e-mail: [e-mail]

Voronezh Institute of

The Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor Department of Foreign Languages

Marina Evgenievna Pankratova

e-mail: [e-mail]

Statement of the problem. The article describes the mechanism for creating a new typology of English spatial adverbs. Existing approaches to the classification of English adverbs have been thoroughly examined, their peculiarities have been analyzed. The study proves the fact that the traditional classifications and typologies of adverbs do not take into account the phenomenon of the polysemy of words. In this paper a new classification approach is proposed. This approach takes into account the polysemantics of linguistic units. The creation of such a typology becomes possible through the use of the comparative-parametric method of linguistic research.

Results. It is established that apart from spatial meanings English spatial adverbs also develop temporary, quantitative and qualitative semes. The use of the comparative-parametric method and some formalized parameters, indices and scales allowed to identify the degree of space, time, quantity and quality semes representation in the semanthemes of the adverbs under investigation and on this basis to distinguish eighteen semantic types of English adverbs.

Conclusion. The study showed the possibility of using the comparative-parametric method to develop such a semantic typology of adverbs that takes into account the polysemy of linguistic units. The effectiveness of the application of this method for studying the semantics of words, suggests the possibility of studying not only adverbs, but also other parts of speech. Moreover, the comparative-parametric method can be used for creation of other new semantic classifications.

Key words: comparative-parametric method, index, scale, spatial adverbs, semantic classification, semantic typology, locative, temporal, qualitative, quantitative.

For citation: Zhilina I.A. About the creation of a new semantic typologies of English spatial adverbs / I.A. Zhilina, M.E. Pankratova // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2021. -

№ 1 (32). – P. 18-27.

Introduction.

The problems of studying parts of speech have occupied the minds of scientists as long as the science of linguistics exists. Linguists of all eras, from Aristotle to Naom Chomsky, offered their own vision of the issue of dividing words into grammatical classes. It seems that such close attention of scientists to the abovementioned problems should have left no doubt about the classification of linguistic units, but research in this area is still relevant today, since vague

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© Zhilina I.A., Pankratova M.E., 2021

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boundaries between some part-of-speech categories give linguists a reason for new debates. This is especially true for such a category of words as adverbs. This topic will be discussed in this article.

An adverb is a part of speech, whose status in many languages is hard to determine, as very often this category includes words that are simply excluded of other classes. The famous Soviet linguist L.V. Shcherba called adverbs a big "dump" [1, p. 63], and the British scientist D. Crystal called them a "dust bin" [2, p. 211]. In English, the process of defining the status of an adverb as a part of speech is especially difficult, since adverbs are homonymous with prepositions, adjectives, particles. In such a situation, it is possible to determine the grammatical status of a language unit only by its position and syntactic function in a specific sentence [3; four; 5, etc.]. In this regard, works on the study of adverbs as a separate, independent category are not numerous and popular, and any research in this area today contributes to the study of this topic.

Our attention is drawn to the problem of classification of English adverbs, spatial adverbs in particular. Having analyzed the existing approaches, we can state that modern linguists take into account the formal-morphological, functional and semantic aspects when classifying adverbial words.

In the morphological classification, simple (one-word), compound adverbs and preposi- tional-adverbial complexes are distinguished. By prepositional-adverbial complexes we mean combinations of an adverb and a preposition [6, p. 137]. This classification principle is quite unambiguous and does not cause controversy among linguists (see [7] about this).

The functional criterion implies the classification of adverbs according to the function they perform in the sentence. So, depending on the nature of the element determined by the adverb, G. Curme singles out adverbs that define one word and a whole sentence, connecting adverbs and interrogative [8]. R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, J. Swartwick, J. Leach in their more detailed classification divide adverbs into connecting (defining a whole sentence) and attributive (characterizing one word). Definitive adverbs can act as an adjunct (place, direction, time, mode of action), disjunct or conjunct. If an adverb is a determinant of another word, then it is considered an adverbial modifier [3]. This view of the classification of adverbs is widespread and, with some additions, is supported by domestic and foreign linguists [9; 10, etc.].

As for the semantic classification of adverbs, it is characterized by a variety of approaches. Scholars distinguish from two to 22 types of adverbs. Soviet linguists distinguish two large groups of adverbs: qualitative and adverbial, with a further division of the adverbial type into adverbs of place, time, reason, etc. [7], and scientists of the University of Cambridge - 11: adverbs of place, time, mode of action, frequency, duration, degrees, modal, evaluative, focusing, connecting and point of view [9].

Semantic classifications of adverbs, including spatial ones, are detailed and varied, however, they are based on highlighting the main meaning of a word and do not take into account the fact that most words are polysemantic, and in this case, the same adverb can be included in several semantic categories. It seems necessary to develop a typology of the adverbial word that would take into account the polysemantic nature of the designated linguistic units.

After analyzing the existing semantic classifications, we note that their distinguishing feature is a large number of groups, however, spatial adverbs (i.e. adverbs that answer the questions “Where? Where? Where?”) are the basic category that is found in any classification, regardless from the approach of the authors. In this respect, this group of words is a representative material for research. However, it is surprising that such a basic category of the part of speech under consideration is not spoiled by the attention of scientists, and only some linguists propose a further division of adverbs into subgroups.

For example, M.A. Sternina divides spatial adverbs into absolute (nominate location regardless of the center of coordination) and relative (indicate the location or direction of move-

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ment relative to the center of coordination), with a further division of adverbs into semantic groups (for example, in a specific / indefinite place, in no place / everywhere and etc.) [6].

Z.N. Verdieva, I.A. Kerimadze, V.G. Pavlov distinguish a group of qualitatively adverbial adverbs, including adverbs of position or position, the location of objects relative to each other and other types of adverbs, as well as a group of adverbs of place, with the latter being subdivided into adverbs of static location and direction [1 **].

Both classifications are based on a semantic criterion and do not take into account the fact that space, being the basic ontological category, develops in adverbs not only spatial meanings, but also temporal, quantitative and qualitative [11]. In this article, we will attempt to develop a typology of an adverbial word that would take into account the polysemy of the studied linguistic units.

Methodology of the research.

The object of the research is the spatial adverbs of the English language, the subject is their semantics.

Material and Research Methods. We studied the semantics of English spatial adverbs using the comparative-parametric method of linguistic research [12], which has successfully proven its effectiveness in the analysis of lexical units, semanthemes and semantic lexemes (for example, [13]). The principle of this method presupposes the use of indices and scales, which makes it possible to impart formalized objectivity to subjective linguistic research. Let's describe a step-by-step procedure for conducting this study.

At the initial stage, by the method of continuous sampling from Russian and English dictionaries [1 **; 2 **; 3 **; 4**; 5**; 6 **] we selected 133 English spatial adverbs that are communicatively relevant in modern English [1 *]. By spatial adverbs we mean all adverbs that have spatial sememes. However, as mentioned earlier, English spatial adverbs develop the meanings of time, quantity and quality in their semanthemes. Taking this fact into account, an attempt was made to construct a semantic typology of English spatial adverbs, which would reflect the degree of their "spatiality" and the representation of other meanings developed by these adverbs.

Further, the study was conducted in three aspects. At first, we were interested in the data recorded in dictionaries. Using the method of analysis and generalization of dictionary definitions, we have established a set of spatial, temporal, quantitative and qualitative meanings developed by each adverb. In order to get a clear understanding of the degree of representation of these semes in the semantheme, we used the index of the representation of the seme of space / time / quantity / quality in the semantheme of an adverbial lexeme, which was calculated as the ratio of the number of spatial / temporal / quantitative / qualitative meanings to the total number of sememes in the semantheme.

The second aspect of the study focuses on real speech, because often the data of dictionaries contain theoretical information about the presence of certain meanings in lexemes, while in real language some meanings become obsolete and lose their relevance, and new sememes develop. In order to get a clear idea of the real functioning of the revealed meanings of each adverb, we resorted to the introduced by L.A. Krivenko index of the communicative relevance of the sememe (ICR), which is understood as "the ratio of the number of recorded uses of a given sememe to the total number of identified uses of the lexeme under consideration" [7, p.8] and to a newly developed complex index of the communicative relevance of sememes - the sum of indicators of the indices of the communicative relevance of spatial / temporal / quantitative / qualitative sememes with the corresponding seme.

To interpret the obtained numerical indicators of the indices, we used a scale for ranking the degree of the studied parameters introduced by L.A. Krivenko and modified by us. According to this scale, the upper and lower limits of the indices (0 and 100%) are interpreted as zero and absolute degrees of the studied parameter. Intermediate indicators describe the degree of the parameter as ultra-low (> 0 and <1%), low (≤ 1% and <10%), noticeable (≤ 10 and <30%),

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bright (≤ 30 and <50%), significant ( ≤ 50 and <70%), high (≤ 70 and <90%), hyperhigh (≤ 90 and <100%) (see the Table).

		Table
The Scale for Ranking the Degree of the Studied Parameters
Numerical Indicators		Degree of the Parameter
0		Absence of Parameter (zero degree)
> 0 and <	1%	ultra-low
≤ 1% and < 10%		low
≤ 10 and <	30%	noticeable
≤ 30 and <	50%	bright
≤ 50 and <	70%	significant
≤ 70 and <	90%	high
≤ 90 and < 100%		hyperhigh
100 %		absolute

The third aspect of the study was introduced due to the fact that the data obtained from the first two aspects - the representation of sememes in the semantheme and the communicative relativeness of the sememes - in many cases do not coincide. In order to get more objective information, a new index has been introduced: the index of locality / temporality / quantitativeness / qualitativeness, calculated as the arithmetic mean of the indicators of the representation indices of the corresponding semes and the indices of the communicative relevance of the sememes with these semes.

Results of the research.

Let's consider the mechanism of referring an adverb to one sematic type or another using the example of the lexeme u p .

According to the dictionaries, the lexeme u p has 15 semes, 11 of them develop spatial meanings:

«in an upper position» (Nathan is u p in his office [1**]), «outwards» (You need to dig carrots u p [ 3 * * ] ), «to an important place» (I’m going u p to Moscow for a day [2**]),

«closer to someone» (Come u p here [6**]), «increasing» (The numbers were pushed u p [ 4 * * ] ), «in the North» (Michael lives u p in Scotland [2**]), «upstream» (Three men are sailing u p the Nile [1**]), «to the upright position» (And then I fell down, and Richard helped me u p [ 2 * * ] ), «to a higher social position» (Meredith wanted to go u p in medicine [1**]) «above the horizon» (Sun is u p [ 3 * * ] ), «against the wind» (He brought the boat u p into the wind [2**]). One temporal meaning «from this point and further» (from this year and u p [ 1 * * ] ), one quntitative sememe «from this age and above» (Children aged 15 and u p [ 2 * * ] ), and two qualitative meanings «functioning» (You can’t operate, you’ve been u p for 24 hours [5**]) and «completeness of an action»

(finish u p [ 4 * * ] ).

The index of representation of the seme of space in the semantheme of the adverb u p has indicator of 73.3%, quality - 13.3%, quantity and time - 6.7%. The degree of the corresponding semes is high, noticeable, and low.

Let's move on to the analysis of the adverb under consideration by the aspect of the communicative relevance of its meanings. The study showed that the complex index of the communicative relevance of the spatial sememes of the adverb u p has a high indicator of 82.8%.

Note that, according to corpus linguistics, the most frequent meaning in real speech is “in / to an upper position”:

Hold your hands u p [1*].

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This sememe shows a significant degree of relevance, since it has a communicative relevance index of 52.6%.

The ICR of the sememe "in a vertical position" is 11.8%, which indicates a noticeable degree of its communicative relevance:

I said “I’m leaving”, and stood u p [ I b i d . ] .

The analysis of the frequency of the sememes revealed six meanings with low communicative relevance:

«to an important place » (She has gone u p to her parents for the weekend [ I b i d . ] . -

ICR 4,6%),	«upstream» (I kept walking along	the river, right u p around the bend
[ I b i d . ] .-	ICR 3,2%), «outwards» (He dug u p	a bed of potatoes [ I b i d . ] .- ICR 2%),

«above the horizon» (When the sun came u p , no one remembered what had happened

[ Т а м ж е ] .- [ I b i d . ] 1,8%), «to a higher social position» (There’s no discrimination here and anyone can get from the kitchens u p into management. [ I b i d . ] - ICR 1,8%), «to the North» (He met Rose when he was travelling u p from the south [ I b i d . ] .- ICR 1%).

Spatial sememe "increasing" turned out to be extremely low communicatively relevant (ICR 0,8%):

This measure could push the sales u p by 5% [ I b i d . ] .

Also, in the course of the study, we identified another, not recorded in dictionaries, spatial meaning “higher in the rating”, the index of communicative relevance of which also has an ultra-low indicator of 0.6%:

Lynx are 20 points u p [ I b i d . ] .

The analysis of the material showed that the meaning "upwind" (sea) is not communicatively relevant these days, since it was not found in the studied material.

As for the temporal sememe "from this point and further" and the quantitative sememe "from this age and above", they are characterized by an equally ultra-low indicator ICR 0,8%:

Since the Renaissance and u p [ I b i d . ] . Kids aged 7 and u p [ I b i d . ] .

The complex ICR of qualitative meanings is 15.6%, the degree of this parameter is recognized as noticeable. The sememe "functioning" has an ICR of 9.6%, and the degree of "completeness of action" is 6%:

As a kid I liked staying u p all night [ I b i d . ] . Drink u p your coffee and we get down to business [ I b i d . ] .

The fact that the data obtained during the analysis of the representation of sememes in the semantheme and their real communicative relevance are somewhat different, prompted us to resort to the third aspect of research and use - the index of locality / temporality / quantitativeness / qualitativeness. The studied adverb has a high spatiality index of 78%, a noticeable quality index of 14.4%, and low temporality and quantitative indices of 3.8%.

The indicators of these indices not only help to get an idea of the degree of expression of a particular parameter in the semantheme of an adverb, but also give grounds for identifying certain semantic types of an adverbial word on the basis of these data. So, in accordance with the indices, the adverb u p can be recognized as locative-qualitative-temporal-quantitative. Of the 133 adverbs we studied, the lexeme up is the only one that can be attributed to this type of adverbs.

Of particular interest for the study are cases when in adverbs traditionally considered spatial, other non-spatial meanings are most communicatively more relevant. Let us illustrate this phenomenon by analyzing the adverb o n w a r d s .

This lexeme, according to the dictionaries, has two spatial meanings:

«forwards» (The ship sailed majestically o n w a r d s [ 5 * * ] ) , «towards progress» (He strode o n w a r d s together with his peers towards communism [3**]), and one temporal: «further in time» (I am on call at the hospital from midnight o n w a r d s [ 2 * * ] ).

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 1 (32), 2021 ISSN 2587-8093

Thus, the semantheme of the lexeme o n w a r d s includes three sememes. Representation of spatial semantics is significant (IFR is 66.7%), temporal - bright (IFR - 33.3%). Qualitative and quantitative meanings in the semantheme of the adverbial lexeme under consideration are not represented, therefore the index of their representation in the semantheme is equal to zero. According to this aspect, the adverb onwards is predominantly spatial.

Nevertheless, the analysis of the British National Corpus data allowed us to obtain completely different results regarding the communicative relevance of its sememes.

The most communicatively relevant is the temporal sememe "further in time":

From the middle of the 19th century o n w a r d [ 1 * ] .

The index of communicative relevance of the sememe equals 75% and is characterized as

high.

The complex ICR of spatial sememes has a noticeable indicator of 25%. The share of the sememe "forward" is 17% (the degree of this parameter is also noticeable):

They travelled to Oxford and o n w a r d s to see more of the county [ I b i d ] .

The share of the sememe "towards progress" is 8% (the degree of this parameter is low):

Self-development means development that moves o n w a r d s [Ibid.].

The locativity and temporality of the adverb o n w a r d s is recognized as bright due to the indicators of the corresponding indices (46% and 54%). The results obtained make it possible to classify the lexeme o n w a r d s as temporal-locative. This type of adverb is unique in our proposed classification, since none of the 133 spatial adverbs has a similar set and configuration of meanings.

To demonstrate the prevalence of quantitative semantics in an adverb traditionally classified as a spatial one, we will use the example of the lexeme a b o u t .

This adverb has, according to dictionaries, nine sememes. Five of them are spatial:

“Around” (to look a b o u t [2 **]), “everywhere” (documents lying a b o u t [1 **]), “in a disorderly direction” (to move a b o u t [4 **]), “180 degrees” (to turn a b o u t [3 **]), "nearby" (to stand a b o u t [6 **]). In addition to the spatial sememes of the lexeme un-

der consideration,	it has one quantitative sememe	“approximately	(about	quantity)”
(a b o u t 23 kilos	[2 **]), one temporary sememe	“approximately	(about	time)” (at

a b o u t five o'clock [3 **]), as well as two qualitative sememes: “ready"(to be a b o u t to do something [5 **]), " almost " ( a b o u t enough [1 **]).

The indices of the seme representation in the semantheme of the adverb a b o u t have the following indicators: 55.6% - for the seme of space (a significant degree of expression of the indicated parameter), 11.1% - for the semes of quantity and time (a noticeable degree of expression of both parameters), 22.2% - for quality semes (noticeable degree of expression).

As for the analysis of the communicative relevance of meanings, the most frequent is the quantitative sememe "approximately (about quantity)", its communicative relevance index is 67.7%, the degree of manifestation of the studied feature is significant:

A b o u t 70 people remain in prison [1 *].

Spatial indicators, according to the research, are noticeably relevant, as evidenced by the index of the complex communicative relevance of 10%. At the same time, the meanings

“everywhere”, “nearby” and “180 degrees” turned out to be in low demand (their ICR are

1.6%, 3.8% and 4%):

And I left, leaving the papers lying a b o u t , Groups of people were standing a b o u t on the pavement, She looked a b o u t searching of her husband [Ibid].

The meaning "around" has an ultra-low ICR of 0.6%:

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