Учебное пособие 1575

At first the British inhabitants fell back to the heights of the old Iron Age hill forts. There is evidence that many forts were reoccupied in the late 5th century. Gradually, however, even this struggle proved in vain, and the Germanic invaders settled throughout much of south, east, and northeast England.

The Roman warrior. It is during this push for settlement that the next and greatest British hero was born, the legendary King Arthur. Was King Arthur real? Not in the sense of the wonderful medieval romances popularized by Thomas Malory. There were no knights in shining armour searching for the Holy Grail in Arthur's company. In all likelihood there was no Round Table or Sword in the Stone. What there was instead was a very brave warrior, who may not even have been named Arthur, leading the remnants of romanised British resistance against a steady onslaught of foreign pagan invaders.

Conflicting claims. In researching this material I found definitively that Arthur was Welsh, Celtic, or Breton. That he fought the Saxons in the north, in the south, or in Wales, around the year 450, or 500, or 525. That he was and wasn't a king, who was or wasn't named Arthur. That he was a figure of imagination and a real person.

The real Arthur (maybe). It seems that there was a war leader, whose name we do not know, who defeated the Saxons, checking their advance temporarily. In later years people remembered this leader with longing; "Oh, if we only had ... to lead us now". Eventually the name Arthur adhered to this folk memory, and his list of accomplishments grew. Arthur is in many ways greater because we do not know the truth; it can't get in the way of peoples' need to create a saviour who is waiting to come to their aid when times get tough.

The real Arthur may have been a man named Ambrosius Aurelianus, or perhaps his war leader, who defeated the Saxons in a major battle we know as Mount Badon, (which may possibly be South Cadbury, in Somerset) halting their advance for as long as forty years. In the end, however, the superior might and numbers of the Saxons and their allies were too much for the islanders, and Arthur's efforts became little more than a historical footnote. A terrifically romantic and exciting footnote though, for Arthur and his deeds were woven like a silk thread into the fabric of myth and legend in which Celtic storytellers delight.

CHRISTMAS

From November onwards, it is impossible to forget that Christmas is coming. Coloured lights decorate many town centres and shops, along with shiny decorations, and artificial snow painted on shop windows.

In streets and shops, 'Christmas trees' (real or plastic evergreen 'conifer' trees) will also be decorated with lights and Christmas ornaments.

Shopping centres become busier as December approaches and often stay open till late. Shopping centre speaker systems will play Christmas 'carols' - the traditional Christmas Christian songs, and groups of people will often sing carols on the streets to raise money for charity. Most places of work will hold a short Christmas party

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about a week before Christmas. Although traditional Christmas foods may be eaten, drink (and plenty of it) means that little work will be done after the party!

By mid-December, most homes will also be decorated with Christmas trees, coloured lights and paper or plastic decorations around the rooms. These days, many more people also decorate garden trees or house walls with coloured electric lights, a habit which has long been popular in USA.

In many countries, most people post Christmas greeting cards to their friends and family, and these cards will be hung on

the walls of their homes. In UK this year, the British Post Office expects to handle over 100 million cards EACH DAY, in the three weeks before Christmas.

CHRISTMAS CARDS

The custom of sending Christmas cards started in Britain in 1840 when the first 'Penny Post' public postal deliveries began. (Helped by the new railway system, the public postal service was the 19th century's communication revolution, just as email is for us today.) As printing methods improved, Christmas cards were produced in large numbers from about 1860. They became even more popular in Britain when a card could be posted in an unsealed envelope for one half-penny - half the price of an ordinary letter.

Traditionally, Christmas cards showed religious pictures - Mary, Joseph and baby Jesus, or other parts of the Christmas story. Today, pictures are often jokes, winter pictures, Father Christmas, or romantic scenes of life in past times.

THE OLD MAN WITH THE SACK

'Father Christmas' (or 'Santa Claus') has become the human face of Christmas. Pictures will be seen everywhere of the old man with long white beard, red coat, and bag of toys. Children are taught that he brings them presents the night before Christmas (or in some countries on December 6th - St. Nicholas' Day), and many children up to the age of 7 or 8 really believe this is true. In most countries, it is said that he lives near the North Pole, and arrives through the sky on a sledge (snow-cart) pulled by reindeer. He comes into houses down the chimney at midnight and places presents for the children in socks or bags by their beds or in front of the family Christmas tree.

In shops or at children's parties, someone will dress up as Father Christmas and give small presents to children, or ask them what gifts they want for Christmas. Christmas can be a time of magic and excitement for children.

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POEMS AND SONGS ABOUT CHRISTMAS

1.Read the poems and say what Christmas traditions are mentioned in them.

It`s Christmas by Jack Prelutsky

It`s Christmas! Merry Christmas! Yes, it`s merry, merry Christmas, It`s time for hanging stockings, It`s time for riding sledges,

It`s time for jolly greetings, Snow and holly, overeating, Oh, I love you merry Christmas, You are the best of holidays.

Christmas is coming

Christmas is coming!

The goose is getting fat.

Please to put a penny

In the old`s man hat.

If you have no penny,

A ha`panny will do.

If you have no ha`penny,

Then God bless you.

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Appendix 2

Приложение 2

Таблица 1

GRAMMAR REFERENCE

Грамматический справочник

Сводная таблица чтения английских гласных

	Гласные буквы	Алфавитное чтение		Чтение в сочетании		В сочетаниях
				гласная	согласная	ou, ow, en, ew
			Краткое	с последующим r		au, aw, all; а + I
			чтение	Гласная + гласная	Гласная + r;	+ согласная;
				+ r; гласная + r +	гласная + r +	wa + согласная;
		[ei]	[æ]	[ Ə]	[а:]	[O:]
		clay	ash	bearing	tar	raw
	a	ratio	sand	repair	hard	always
		stage	slag	spare	mark	install
		date	began	air	task	water
		table	has	stairs	plant	pause
		[ou]	[O]	[O:]	[O:]	[au]
		load	bond	core	forming	foundation
	o	motion	cost	door	mortar	brown
		stone	drop	portion	corner	ground
		cold	problem	before	order	allow
		follow	office	porous	report	thousand
		[ju:]	[٨]	[ju]	[Ə:]	[ O :]
		use	crush pump	pure	burning	august
	u	durable		secure	turn	autumn
		unique	bulk	during	fur	author
			subject
		unit		fuel	surface	audience
			plus
		future		surely	further
		[i:]	[e]	[iƏ]	[Ə:]	[ju:]
		beam	dense	near	inert	few
	е	degree	setting	here	observe	knew
		steel	test	engineer	term	view
		clean	effect	period	learn	crew
		easy	depth	career	person	flew
		[ai]	[i]	[ai]	[Ə:]
		dry	inch	prior	fir
	i/y	fine	system	tire = tyre	dirty
		type	gypsum	wire	third
		high	mix	supply	birth
		vital	resist	trial	circle
				114

Таблица 2

Порядок слов повествовательного предложения (утвердительная форма)

Подлежащее	Сказуемое	Остальная часть предложения
My brother	is a student
She	reads	French books in the original
The students	receive	consultations by e-mail.
The teacher	returned	the control paper in October.
The young men	will take	examinations in two months.
You	must speak	English every day.

Таблица 3

Порядок слов повествовательного предложения (отрицательная форма)

Подлежащее	Сказуемое	Остальная часть предложения
The students	do not receive	consultations by mail.
Не	does not receive	the newspapers.
The teacher	did not return	the control tests in October.
The students	won’t take	examinations in May.
YOU	mustn't speak	English there.
My brother	isn't a student
He	is not making	the written review
She	hasn’t read	this book yet.

Таблица 4

Повествовательное предложение в отрицательной форме со словами no, nobody, nothing, nowhere, never

Подлежащее или	Сказуемое	Остальная часть предложения
вводящее слово		или подлежащее при обороте there + be
These students	receive	no consultations by e-mail.
There	are	no old buildings in that street.
No meeting	will be held	at the Committee tomorrow.
Nobody	missed	the lecture.
The travellers	can see	nothing in the darkness.
The unemployed	could find	work nowhere.
We	have never
	written	a course before.
		115

Таблица 5

Порядок словвопросительного предложения

	Вопроси-	Вспомогатель-				Неизменяе-
			ный или					Остальная часть
	тельные		модальный		Подлежащее	маячасть		предложения
	слова		глагол			сказуемого
	-		Do		the students	receive		consultations by e-
вопрос								mail?
	-		Did		the teacher		return	the control papers?
	-		Will		the young		take	examinations
Общий					men			soon?
	-		Must		you		speak	English every day?
	-		Is		your brother	a student?		-
	-		Was		he	reading		the written review?
	-		Has		she		read	the book?
вопрос	Where		do		the students	receive		consultations?
	When		did		the teacher		return	our tests?
	How many		will		the young		take	in two months?
Специальный	exams				men
	Why		must		you		speak	English every day?
	What		is		your brother?	-		-
	What		was		he	reading?		-
	review							-
	What		has		she		read?	-
								Таблица 6
	Вопросы, относящиеся к подлежащему или к его определению
Вопросительные			Сказуемое				Остальная часть
	слова
							предложения
к подлежащему
	Who			receives			Consultations?
	Who				saw		Petrov yesterday?
	Who			will help			you with calculations?
	Who		is discussing				the plans for the next year?
	Who		was discussing				our problems?
	Who		will be discussing				our plans for summer holi-
							days?
				116

Окончание табл. 7

	Вопросительные			Сказуемое		Остальная часть
		слова
						предложения
	к подлежащему
		Who		has just come	by car?
					him several times?
		Who		had tried to telephone
					a letter by the evening tomor-
		Who		will have received
					row?
		Who		must speak	English?
	Whose brother			is a student?	-
	How many			will go in	for sports?
		students
		What		was	on the table?
	What building			is being erected	in the centre of Voronezh?
						Таблица 7
				Основные префиксы (приставки)
		1 . Префиксы с отрицательным значением
	Un –	не-		reliable – надежный		unreliable – ненадежный
		без		limited – ограниченный		unlimited – безграничный
	in -	не-		active – активный		inactive – неактивный
	ir -	без		resistable - устойчивый		irresistable - неустойчивый
	im –
				pure – чистый		impure – смешанный
	il –
				logical – логичный		illogical – нелогичный
	non -	не-		productive – продуктив-		non-productive –
		бес-		ный		непроизводительный
				contact – контактный		noncontact – бесконтактный
	de-	науч. термины		compression - давление		decompression – снижение
				frost – замораживать		давления
						defrost – размораживать
	dis -	не-		comfort – комфорт		discomfort – неудобство
		за-		belief – доверие		disbelief – заблуждение
	mis – означает			calculate – подсчитывать		discalculate – ошибиться в
	«неверно»					расчете
				117

Окончание таблицы 7 2. Префиксы с разными значениями

	re – снова	use – использовать			reuse – снова использовать
	еще раз	read – читать			reread – перечитать
	super – сверх-	load – нагрузка			superload - дополнительная
	над-				нагрузка
		pressure – давление			superpressure - избыточное
					давление
	over – сверх-	design – проектирование			overdesign - проектирование
	пере-				с запасом прочности
	над-	heat – нагревать			overheat – перегревать
	Semi – полу-	rigid – жесткий			semirigid – полужесткий
		skillеd – квалифициро-			semiskillеd – малоопытный
		ванный
	Inter – между-	action – действие			interaction - взаимодействий
	взаимо-				interspace – промежуток,
		space – пространство			интервал
	En – для образования	rich – богатый			enrich – обогащать, укра-
	глаголов				шать
		danger – опасность			еndanger – подвергать опас-
					ности
	Pre - до	design – расчет			predesign – предваритель-
	заранее				ный расчет
		tensioning – натяжение			pre-tensioning – предвари-
					тельное натяжение
					Таблица 8
	Сводная таблица временных форм активного залога
	Indefinite Tenses		Continuous Tenses		Perfect Tenses
			Present
	I prepare mortar.		I am preparing mortar.		I have prepared mortar.
	(He prepares mortar).		Am I preparing mortar?		(He has prepared mortar).
	Do I prepare mortar?		I am not preparing		Have I prepared mortar?
	(Does he prepare mortar?)		mortar.		(Has he prepared mortar)?
	I do not prepare mortar.				I have not prepared mortar.
	(He does not prepare				(He has not prepared mortar).
	mortar).
		118

		Окончание табл. 8
		Perfect Tenses
Indefinite Tenses	Continuous Tenses
	Past
		I had prepared mortar.
I prepared mortar.	I was preparing mortar.
Did I prepare mortar?	Was I preparing mortar?	Had I prepared mortar?
I did not prepare mortar.	I was not preparing mor-	I had not prepared mortar.
	tar.
	Future

I shall prepare mortar. Shall I prepare mortar? I shan’t prepare mortar.

I shall be preparing mortar. Shall I be preparing mortar? I shall not be preparing mortar.

I shall have prepared mortar. Shall I have prepared mortar? I shall not have prepared mortar.

Таблица 9

Сводная таблица временных форм пассивного залога

Indefinite Tenses	Continuous Tenses
	Present
Mortar is prepared by	Mortar is being prepared
me.	by me.
Is mortar prepared by	Is mortar being prepared
me?	by me?
Mortar is not prepared	Mortar is not being pre-
by me.	pared by me.
	Past
Mortar was prepared by	Mortar was being pre-
me.	pared by me.
Was mortar prepared by	Was mortar being pre-
me?	pared by me?
Mortar was not prepared	Mortar was not being pre-
by me.	pared by me.
	Future
Mortar will be prepared
by me.
Will mortar prepared by
me?
Mortar will not be pre-
pared by me.
	119

Perfect Tenses

Mortar has been prepared by me.

Has mortar been prepared by me?

Mortar has not been prepared by me.

Mortar had been prepared by me.

Had mortar been prepared by me?

Mortar had not been prepared by me.

Mortar will have been prepared by me.

Will mortar have been prepared by me?

Mortar will not have been prepared by me.

Appendix 3

Приложение 3

Существительное

Существительные могут быть исчисляемыми, то есть иметь форму множественного числа (a table - two tables) и неисчисляемыми, и они не имеют множественного числа. Неисчисляемыми существительными являются, напри-

мер: gold, music, blood, excitement, friendship, water, milk, health.

Неисчисляемые существительные нельзя сосчитать. У них нет формы множественного числа. Например, такие слова как health, excitement не могут употребляться во множественном числе. Вы не можете сказать healths или excitements.

Неисчисляемое существительное может употребляться без всякого артикля. Перед неисчисляемыми существительными вы можете использовать слова Например: her / his / some / any / much / this и т.д.:

her excitement, some water, much milk, this friendship.

Многие существительные могут употребляться и как исчисляемые, и как неисчисляемые. Обычно к таких слов несколько значений. Например, paper может означать газету (исчисляемое), а может означать бумагу, на которой можно писать (неисчисляемое):

-Will you buy me a paper, please? (= газета)

-I bought some paper to write a letter. (= материал)

Некоторые существительные являются неисчисляемыми в английском языке, но исчисляемыми в других языках:

behaviour	bread	accommodation	advice
permission	trouble	information	furniture
scenery	news	progress	luggage
work	weather	travel	traffic
	chaos	baggage

–His furniture is new (а не furnitures).

–I want to buy some bread (или a loaf of bread) (а не a bread). –Ask her and she will give you some good advice (а не advices).

The news is good today (а не are: существительное news не имеет формы множественного числа)

–They had a good journey (а не a good travel). –What lovely scenery!– What a lovely view!

Исчисляемые существительные в единственном числе всегда используются с a, an, the, my, his и т.д.

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