Учебное пособие 1669

Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 4 (27), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

In spite of the fact that human`s nature has been in the center of scientific attention for a long time, the anthropological nature has been considered differently with regard to its axiological component. In particular, in the philosophy of Ancient Greece the importance of man was extremely high. It is stated in a famous citation of Pythagoras about man and his being: “Man is a measure of all things, existing and proving that they exist, and not existing and proving that they don`t exist” [1].

Interesting diachronic analysis of the philosophical understanding of man is represented in the article of O.S. Karpina [2], revealing the correlation of different conceptions of man since ancient times till present.

In the epoch of Antiquity man was determined as Microcosm, reflecting the laws of Cosmos. In the epoch of sophists cosmocentric vector of scientists` attention was focused mostly on speculations about man`s nature, analyzed as a social phenomenon. This idea is thoroughly revealed in the philosophical works of Aristotle (doctrines “Nicomachean Ethics”, “Politics”) and I. Fichte [3; cited 4].

In the Middle Ages two main interpretations of man`s nature existed – the Biblical origination and the “physiological” explanation of man`s nature. Renaissance period was the time when the significance of man substantially grew. It is the time of exaltation of man`s nature, close attention to his gnoseological abilities aiming at acquiring and developing scientific knowledge.

Modern philosophy considers man in his practical-and-theoretical connection with nature that reveals ideological proximity of modern philosophical ideas both to the ideas of Ancient philosophers and to the views of the Renaissance thinkers. Thus, anthropological conceptions in the modern philosophy demonstrate complex approach to man`s nature, based on the experience of the philosophical schools of the previous centuries and at the same time present their own understanding of man of the 21st century. Famous modern scientists specializing on the researches of humanistic nature are Ferdinand Canning Scott Schiller (works: "Humanism: Philosophical essays", 1903 and "Studies in humanism", 1907), John Dewey (1859-1952), Jacob Philip (Jaap) van Praag (1911-1981), Harold J. Blackham (1903), George Santayana (18631952) and others.

Relevance of the research

Nowadays the phenomenon man is analyzed by the specialists of different branches of sciences. In most cases the notion “man” is studies in the course of humanitarian disciplines: philosophy, cultural studies, history, religion, linguistics and others. The phenomenon “man” as gender-mediated anthropological component in the Old Germanic picture of the world, his intellectual, moral, emotional and psychological qualities is presented in the research of Z.Ye. Fomina and V.I. Chechetka [5].

In the Renaissance epoch close attention was paid to the abilities of man. One of the most outstanding philosophers of England of the 16th -17th centuries is Francis Bacon – the originator of scientific empiricism, who became apologist of numerous consequent philosophical concepts (Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and John Locke (1632-1704), George Berkeley (16851753) and David Hume (1711-1776)).

The name F. Bacon is mostly associated with scientific prolegomena of Renaissance epoch. Though, according to the analysis of his philosophical heritage, the central place of his speculations is given to the nature of man. According to the results of linguistic and-cognitive analysis of the works of F. Bacon [6; 7], the philosopher paid much attention to the intellectual, emotional, ethical aspects of people`s life. His individual-and-personal treatment of man` nature has always aroused scientific interest [8; 9; 10 and others]. The interpretations of man in his works are characterized by relevance and thorough analysis, demonstrating subtility and shrewdness of the author`s judgments and his deep philosopher`s vision.

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In his scientific works F. Bacon covers a wide range of existential phenomena and notions, that represent some definite sphere of people`s life. Philosopher narrates about special features of intellectual skills of man, specifics of his scientific and cognitive abilities, regularities of his emotional sphere, contents of his ethical views, determines definite norms that influence social, everyday, aesthetic aspects of man`s life [6; 7]. It is no exaggeration to notice that philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is humanistically oriented and offers fundamental collection of man`s contemplations about self perception.

This article is aimed at analysis of anthropological aspects of F. Bacon`s philosophy, in particular, at description of man`s nature by lexical means within the scope of his philosophical works. Means and forms of linguistic representation of the humanistic ideas in the works of F. Bacon are of great scientific interest.

Linguistic analysis of scientific treatises is specified by the fact that in-depth intellectual processes of sub consciousness are presented there by means of language. Analyses of the lexical means help to get insight of the subconscious level and study the corresponding processes of thinking. Characteristics of these process by linguistic means acting as instruments of “generating” ideas are represented in the works of A.A. Potebnya. The scientist claimed that thought is reflected by means of language, every act of speaking is a creative process that generates a new idea rather than reveals the one that is already known [11]. In this research it was of interest to reveal the new knowledge about man, that is represented in F. Bacon`s works and coded in his philosophical discourse in writing speech.

Research methodology

The aim of the research is to determine the contents of the concept “man” in the anthropological discourse of F. Bacon, reveal the features of its verbal explication and determine the basic components and fundamental features of its cognitive structure. The object of the research is the concept “man”, verbalized in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon. The subject of the research are specific features of the cognitive structure and contents of the concept “man” as well as its basic structural components.

In the beginning of the research it is necessary to define the terminology used. It is important to note that the terms “concept”, “phenomenon”, “episteme” are used synonymously. In the determination of the concept the definition offered by Z.D. Popova and I.A. Sternin is taken, i.e. concept is regarded as mental unit, quantum of structured knowledge, entity that is formed in man`s consciousness [12; с. 4-5].

In the research the following methods were used: method of contextual analysis, method of component analysis, method of quantitative analysis, method of lexical-and-semantic analysis. They comprise methodological basis of the analysis.

The material for the research is the text of scientific treaties of F. Bacon “The New Organon” (1620) [1*] – one of the fundamental works of the scientist that presents highly scientific philosophical postulates of the author regarding to the prolegomena of intellectual activity of man, the nature of the experiment, the role of anthropological component in the scientific picture of the world. This work, that is considered to be the apotheosis of the scientific conception of F. Bacon, initiated revolutionary literature trend in the philosophy of the Renaissance epoch, which is called inductive method. This article presents the analysis of the first part of this treaties, that contains a number of scientific thesis, each of them dedicated to the speculations about fundamental doctrines of F. Bacon`s conception (such as: natural method, mind, knowledge, science, understanding, discoveries, etc.).

From the linguistic point of view the style of the text of “The New Organon” is highly scientific and academical. The range of its linguistic means is characterized by a substantial

number	of scientific	t h e r m i n o l o g y (natural bodies, instruments, axioms,		etc.), a b -
s t r a c t	t e r m s o f	t h e p h i l o s o p h i c a l c h a r a c t e r	(the obscurity of things, spe-
cious meditations, notions), s u b o r d i n a t e s y n t a c t i c a l			c o n s t r u c t i o n s	(The idols

and false notions which have already preoccupied the human understanding, and are deeply 45

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rooted in it, not only to beset man's minds, that they become difficult of access, but, even when access is obtained, will again meet and trouble us in the instauration of the sciences … [1*]), g e n e r a l i z e d l i n g u i s t i c c o n s t r u c t i o n s , n a r r a t i n g a b o u t t i m e l e s s p h e n o m e n o n (Four species of idols beset the human mind: to which (for distinction's sake) we have assigned names; The human understanding is active and cannot halt or rest, but even, though without effect, still presses forward [1*]). This fact demonstrates linguistic and conceptual complexity and the abstractness of the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon. The range of scientific terminology reveals high gnoseological importance of this work. The treatise extends beyond the scope of philosophy and approaches to the range of scientific-and- philosophical (empiric-and-philosophical) compositions, relevant for anthropological philosophy.

Considering all the above mentioned, it is of interest to analyze the notion “man” (traditionally relevant for the humanistically oriented works) and the linguistic means of its objectification in the text of «The New Organon». It is worth mentioning that in the analyzed discourse the image of man is described within philosophical traditions of natural science.

One of the postulates of F. Bacon`s philosophy concerns division of scientific and religious doctrines. It is interesting to note that the text of «The New Organon», philosophical by its nature, is characterized by special features, that make it different from the philosophical works in the common understanding. The text`s organization, formulation of conceptual postulates, didactic character, sound reasoning of conceptions as well as their ideological characteristics reveal the associative connotation if the text of «The New Organon» with the text of Holy

Writings. Both religious and philosophical discourses concern the idea of inevitable success of man`s actions. In both works this success is in attainment of truth. Though, there is a difference: in the religious discourse, success means the way towards the Divine, while in the context of F. Bacon`s philosophical postulates truth is identical to obtaining objective knowledge about the spectrum of phenomena: nature, knowledge, man and similar epistemological notions. «The New Organon» represents stimulus for initiation of innovations in science, that was indispensible not only for the society of the Renaissance period, but also for the next generations. To conclude, literary heritage of F. Bacon in terms of speculations of the man`s nature demonstrates common features of the Protestantism and the ideas of Empiricism.

The results of the study

In the course of the research semantic-and-cognitive analysis of linguistic representatives of the concept “man” in the treatise «The New Organon» was conducted. Lexicological analysis of the lexeme “man” has been carried out to determine its semantic features. It is remarkable that in lexicographic description of the lexeme “man” the attention is mostly paid to the sociocentricity of man, as well as to the intellectual components of his nature: his mind and sense. Then, the features of man`s belonging to a definite historical paradigm, stratum of cultural development are presented [1**].

The definition of man as a sort of “starting point” has been traced in the etymological description of the component of the lexeme “chelovek” (man): the roots “chelo” and “vek”. As it is defined, the root “chelo” means “front”, “upper part”, that originated from the orthodox lexeme “chelo” (in church-Slavonic “chenesni” – “the highest, the most important”/ “face”), the root “vek” (vechnost (eternity)) was formed from the proto-Indo-European root «weyk», meaning “define”, “overcome”, as well as the root «věkъ» - life, age, lifetime.

Analyzing the origin of the lexeme “man” it was also determined, that it is derived from the lexeme čьlo – “descendant, continuer of gender”, and, consequently, its key features can be defined as follows: continuity, endlessness of life, gender safety [13].

In the initial stage of the research semantic-and-cognitive analysis of lexical representatives of the phenomenon “man” in the text of the treatise «The New Organon» has been conducted. According to the analysis, the lexical representatives of the concept can be divided into three lexical-and-semantic groups. Each of them represents the studied concept in accordance

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with the following semantic criterion: personification – generalization and singularitymultiplicity. Linguistic explicators of the concept “man” can be divided into the following groups:

1)nominal words: human, man, mankind;

2)collective nouns the Greeks, the Egyptians, the ancients;

3)personal names: Aristotle, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, Leucippus, Parmenides, Democritus, Empedocles, Heraclitus, Plato, Protagoras, Hippias, Pyrrho, Celsus, Cicero.

In general 116 verbal explicators of the concept “man” have been revealed in the analyzed text. It is worth mentioning that they are represented in different quantities within the scope of the studied material. According to the quantitative analysis, lexeme human is used in most cases (26 % of the total number of analyzed lexemes), when the lexemes man, men and mankind are represented in the following proportions: 20%, 15% and 4% accordingly. The quantitative comparison of personal and collective names in the analyzed texts revealed the prevailing number of personal names (they comprise 23% of the total number of analyzed lexemes). Collective nouns account for 12% (to get more objectified view on the means of verbal explication of the concept “man” personal names were united in one group, comprising 26 lexical units, the number of collective nouns is 14).

Percentage ratio of the lexemes representing the concept “man” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is represented in the following diagram:

propper name	man
23%	20%
collective
nouns			man
12%
			human
			men
			mankind
mankind			collective nouns
4%			propper names
men	human
15%	26%

Percentage ratio of the verbal explicators of the concept “man” in the philosophical picture of the world of F. Bacon.

The diagram clearly demonstrates that the concept “man” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is objectified by a great number of lexemes varying in quantity. Lexeme human represents the concept in the most number of cases (26 % of the total number of analyzed lexemes), lexeme mankind is less often used (4% of the total number of analyzed lexemes). This clearly demonstrates the fact that man in the philosophical discourse is mostly characterized as an individual with generalized features, his personality isn`t revealed, but at the same time there are features, specifying him from the ordinary people, they comprise t h e i m a g e o f m a n o f F . B a c o n ` s i d e o l o g y , that makes him exceptionally different from other people.

To determine core features of the anthropological concept “man” lexicographical analysis of the lexemes, representing the concept, has been conducted.

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According to the dictionary definitions the lexeme human represents the features of abstract image of man, determines generalized image of human being rather than individual one. It reveals the fact that man in the discourse of F. Bacon is a phenomenon of cosmic, planetary range. The key features of the lexeme human are: relating to, or characteristic of humans; representative of or susceptible to the sympathies and frailties of human nature [2**].

The features of man as of abstract phenomenon of planetary range are represented by the lexeme mankind, it is defined as: the totality of human beings [2**].

In the process of the analysis of the other representatives of the concept “man” (lexemes man and men) more individualized features were found out. The analysis of the dictionary definitions of the lexeme man revealed the features of individuality and specificity (man belonging to a particular category); possessing high moral characters (one possessing in high degree the qualities considered distinctive of manhood) [2**]. Lexeme man is also used in plural form – men – that also reveals the feature of sociocentricity characterizing the image of man in the discourse of F. Bacon.

It is necessary to note that collective nouns, representing the concept “man” (Aristotle, Pythagoras, Anaxagoras, etc.), nominate the scientists of the antiquity – the period F. Bacon paid great attention to. It is not accidental that in his work a large number of the Greek scientists` names is used. It is known that in the Renaissance period the interest to the philosophy of the antiquity in the scientific world rose again and the works of the Greek scientists were severely criticized, rethought and reconsidered from the perspective of the revival of new ideas in science, characterized from the views of the new approach to humanity, religion, society, etc.

The frequency of the names of antique philosophers used in the text evidences their great importance for the philosopher, affinity and similarity of their views. In particular, F. Bacon actively addresses the doctrine of Celsus, admitting its significance and utmost importance for originating other philosophical systems (Celsus candidly and wisely confesses as much, when he observes that experiments were first discovered in medicine, and that men afterwards built their philosophical systems upon them [1*]). Also, F. Bacon pays much attention to the doctrine of Aristotle, whose ideas made the basis of the next antique philosophical systems (in particular, the system of Platonists) (That the notion of other ancient systems having ceased after the publication of the works of Aristotle is false, for the works of the ancient philosophers subsisted long after that event [1*]).

It is of interest to note that F. Bacon`s appeal to the names of the scientists and his mentioning their philosophical ideas are caused by his intention to express criticism and disapproval of some aspects of their doctrines in more convincing and persuasive way. F. Bacon characterizes some of their philosophical views as not evidential enough, as they operate abstract theories that are more typical for the society of the “pagan” antiquity. Thus, F. Bacon criticized the philosophy of the Greeks (Pythagoreans and Platonists). It is remarkable, thought, that he treated the philosophy of the Ancient Greeks and the doctrines of the Old Greek materialists in more respectful and approving way (The disputatious and sophistic school entraps the understanding, whilst the fanciful, bombastic, and, as it were, poetical school rather flatters it. There is a clear example of this among the Greeks, especially in Pythagoras, where, however, the superstition is coarse and overcharged, but it is more dangerous and refined in Plato and his school [1*]).

In the stated above example F. Bacon criticizes two philosophical theories: of Pythagoras and of Plato. In F. Bacon`s opinion, the doctrine of Pythagoras, as the earlier Old Greek school representative, hampers the objective work of understanding, thought it is described as less harmful for man compared to the Plato school, that is more elaborate in leading man`s mind away from the right way of development.

In the result of the analysis of the lexical representatives of the concept “man” it was found out that in most cases they characterize man in general, as a representative of human race, with no emphasis on definite personality. Besides, the nomination of definite historical

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personalities is highly conditioned: appealing to onomastic nominees of the respectful scientists of the fundamental philosophical doctrines of the Antiquity is ideologically specified. It acts as a means of transmission and argumentation of F. Bacon` critical views.

It is arguable that the features of the concept “man” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon can be divided into two groups: one group of features characterize man as impersonal and apocryphal phenomenon, while the features of the other group are relevant for the man of settled opinion, a philosopher following a definite and widely known philosophical conception, having world outlook, that has (or previously had) authoritative influence to society.

The next stage of the research concerns conducting contextual analysis of the philosophical texts of F. Bacon, that contain verbal representatives of the anthropological concept “man”.

Combinatory relations of the lexemes have been analyzed, their contextual characteristics have been considered, the fragments of the texts, describing concept “man” and containing its linguistic nominee, have been interpreted.

In the process of the contextual analysis three areas of the concept “man” with similar semantic components have been determined. These combinations of features comprise frames of the concept “man”.

It is necessary to point out that f r a m e is defined as a complex of object`s (notion`s) features of similar semantic criteria, relevant for a phenomenon (concept). This definition of frame follows the description given by M. Minsky: “Frame is a structure of data for representation of stereotype situation” [14].

In the result of the contextual analysis three frames in the structure of the concept “man” have been determined:

1. q u a l i t i e s o f m a n 2 . f u n c t i o n s o f m a n 3 . n a t u r e o f m a n

Taking into consideration the above mentioned definition of frame, it is necessary to specify criterion for determination of frame structure of the concept “man”. The frame “q u a l i - t i e s o f m a n ” contains the features of natural abilities of man to think, feel and express his thoughts and ideas. The frame “f u n c t i o n s o f m a n ” comprises the features of the character of man`s activity. The frame “n a t u r e o f m a n ” incorporates the features of social conditions of man`s life, depending on characteristics of man as a member of society, part of nature or as an individual.

The most number of examples objectify the frame “q u a l i t i e s o f m a n ”. Of all the characteristics, relevant for man`s nature and verbalized in the discourse of F. Bacon, the utmost importance is attached to the intellectual abilities. Consider the following example:

The human understanding, from its peculiar nature, easily supposes a greater degree of order and equality in things than it really finds; and although many things in nature be sui generis, and most irregular, will yet invent parallels and conjugates, and relatives where no such thing is [1*].

The given example demonstrates the character of man`s understanding. It concerns his intention to reveal logical connections and regularities of things.

This example clearly demonstrates the character of human understanding that is intended to reveal logical connections and regularities of the existence of things. This regularity of the work of understanding is opposed to the world around, the nature of which is far more complex and diverse than well-established formulas. It is remarkable that the intention of the understanding to search cause-and-effect linkers and similarities of things is given as a usual fact, as a well established principle of mental work. This frame incorporates such features as “a tendency of understanding to do systematic and orderly work”, “its cause-and-effect organization”.

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Besides description of the properties of man the discourse of F. Bacon also concerns extraverted component of man`s nature. Man is described in the course of his relation to the world. The features of this influence are contained in the frame “f u n c t i o n s o f m a n ”. It is necessary to note that the features comprising this frame to some extend reveal man`s abilities and aspiration for knowledge. It is exemplified by the following context:

Another considerable evil is, that men in their systems and contemplations bestow their labour upon the investigation and discussion of the principles of things and the extreme limits of nature, although all utility and means of action consist in the intermediate objects [1*].

This text presents the idea that it is not quite correct to pay attention to the generalized and extreme natural phenomenon, it is more important to look at specified and nonstandard ones, to the sources of real knowledge (the remark of the author of the article.

The above example demonstrates that F. Bacon writes about approved and regulated relations between man and nature, reflected by means of regulations (systems) and thinking (contemplations). This regularities are criticized as the ones carrying evil (Another considerable evil), and at the same time stating the falseness of man`s choice of object of research, unsuccessfulness of his efforts (bestow their labour upon the investigation and discussion). It is interesting to note that besides F. Bacon`s criticism of tendencies and nature of scientific research conducted by man that is characteristic for his philosophy, it is evident that the author accepts the existence of strong system of knowledge, made by man, that is based on intellectual efforts.

It makes the basis to reveal such features of the concept “man” as “aspiration (of man) for knowledge”, “man`s search for knowledge”.

Concept “man” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon also incorporates the features of man in his connection with h i s n a t u r e (his material or spiritual qualities) and t h e c o n d i t i o n s o f h i s l i f e (man as an individual or as a part of society). According to the quantitative analysis of the most number of the revealed examples, they verbalize the features of the frame “n a t u r e o f m a n ” that demonstrates his socially related characteristics. Consider the example below:

There are also idols formed by the reciprocal intercourse and s o c i e t y o f m a n w i t h m a n , which we call idols of the market, from the commerce and association of men with each other. For men converse by means of language; but words are formed at the will of the generality; … [1*].

In the above example man is represented as phenomenon of social nature (society of man with man, association of men with each other), who is connected with other members of society by means of trading relations (from the commerce), by verbal interaction (men converse) as well as by conventional norms and regularities (words are formed at the will of the generality). Despite specificity of social interaction, fundamental character of social connection declared by the author, its pejorative character is revealed (There are also idols formed …). Social interaction is characterized as biased, false, possessing no real value and inappropriate for the society.

Conclusion

In the result of the analysis of the notion “man” in the philosophical works of F. Bacon special features have been reveled in its conceptual structure. The nature of man from the view of the philosophy of the Renaissance period is presented. Special attention is paid to the importance of man as a thinker and listener to reason.

Concept “man” in the philosophical discourse of F. Bacon is represented by a large number of lexemes that reveals ambiguity and complexity of its content. Its semantic features vary in terms of sociocentricity and individuality, abstractness and specificity. Regarding the quanti-

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ty of the concept`s representatives their dual nature is revealed: in most number of examples man is determined as a phenomenon of abstract character, compared with the Universe, Cosmos and as a definite historical personality – founder of worldwide ideology, whose philosophical doctrine is characterized by paramount importance and strong authoritativeness. The features represented by means of the verbal explicators of the concept “man” relate to nucleus areas of the concept`s cognitive structure. They are: “belonging to the human race”, “possession of mental abilities”, “personification”, “possession of high moral grounds”, “adherence to the definite philosophical views”.

The dominant representative of the concept “man” is the lexeme «human», verbalizing the feature of generalization. It characterizes human race as a whole with all its greatness and range of skills. Man is revealed as a being of cosmologic, planetary scale. The verbal representation of the concept “man” by means of proper names determines close associative parallels between the generalized image of man and historically important personality – the follower of certain ideology, intentions and values.

Internal structure of the concept “man” in the philosophical world picture is characterized by discrete cognitive contents. The concept structure is determined by ontological, utilitarian and quantitative criteria. Basic cognitive areas, comprising frames of the cognitive content of the concept, have been revealed, such as qualities of man, functions of man, nature of man.

The greatest part of the revealed features of the concept “man” determine the qualities of man`s nature. In F. Bacon`s anthropology man is characterized as thinking living being, aiming at understanding of the regularities and cause-and-effect connections of nature. Functional characteristics of man`s nature concern activities for comprehension of the real content of nature, cognition of the world. The key feature of the frame “nature of man” is man`s tendency to socialization, interaction and life organization.

It is necessary to point out that the frames of the concept “man” are closely connected that is based on man`s ability to conduct mental, intellectual activity. It is the cognitive ability of man that implements his ability to self-reflection, critical thinking and characterizing his life, self perfection, search of the truth, determination the necessary way of development, aspiration for own implementation through interaction, communication and socialization.

The complexity of the cognitive structure of the concept “man”, as well as specificity of features of its cognitive structure, reveal the fact that the phenomenon m a n is one of the central objects in the philosophical picture of the world of F. Bacon. It characterizes the discourse of the author as “anthropological” one. The image of man in this discourse is a “mirror” of the author`s personal world views, reflecting the key components of F. Bacon`s world perception. The image of man is of a highly scientific character. It functions as a determiner of several aspects of life: intellectual development of society, results of its functioning, role of experiment, level of moral-and-ethical social development, effectiveness of people`s professional development.

The image of man in the philosophy of F. Bacon contributes to capturing anthropological portrayal of the Renaissance epoch and at the same time transmits the ideal image of the man of the future, the apogee of the author`s ambitions. F. Bacon is firmly committed to his philosophical tradition: the criticism of man in his works is explained by his humanistic ideas, belief in the possibility to perfect people`s nature for the benefit of Mankind.

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[11]Potebnja A.A. Slovo i mif. M., Izdatel'stvo «Pravda», 1989, c. 155-156.

[12]Popova Z..D., Sternin I.A., Ponjatie «koncept» v lingvisticheskih issledovanijah. – Voronezh, 1999. – s. 4-5.

[13]Anton Kuznecov Mastet Tantra Dzhoitisha, URL: http://vedavrat.org/tantra- jyotish/15553/word-man-as-human-etymology-meaning-slovo-chelovek-etimologiya-i- znachenie/(data obrashhenija: 28.11.2019).

[14]Marvin Minsky, A Framework for Representing Knowledge, in: Patrick Henry Winston (ed.), The Psychology of Computer Vision. McGraw-Hill, New York (U. S.A.), 1975.

			Analyzed sources
[1*]	Bacon	F.	The	New	Organon.	–	URL:
http://www.constitution.org/bacon/nov_org.htm (data obrashhenija: 12.11.19).
			Dictionaries used
[1**]	Bol'shoj	jenciklopedicheskij		slovar', URL:	gufo. me/dict/bes/ChELOVEK,
vremja obrashhenija – 08.08.2019.
[2**]	Merriam	Webster	Dictionary,		URL:	https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/mankind, (vremja obrashhenija – 08.08.2019).

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Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches” Issue 4 (27), 2019 ISSN 2587-8093

METHODS AND DIDACTICS

UDC 372.881.111.1

TECHNIQUES FOR TEACHING ENGLISH GRAMMAR

TO CLIP THINKING STUDENTS

L.А. Аntonova, I.A. Bakhmetieva, О.N. Аnisimova

____________________________________________________________________________

Voronezh State Pedagogical University, Candidate of Philology,

Associate Professor of the English Department, Liudmila Anatolievna Antonova

e-mail: [e-mail]

Voronezh State Pedagogical University, Candidate of Philology,

Associate Professor of the English Department, Irina Alexandrovna Bakhmetieva

e-mail: [e-mail]

Voronezh State Pedagogical University,

Senior Lecturer of the English Department, Olga Nikolaevna Anisimova

e-mail: [e-mail]

____________________________________________________________________________

Problem statement. The article discusses the possibilities of taking into account the features of clip thinking in the process of learning English grammar, in particular, when working with the text of the rule. An attempt is made to use the characteristics of this type of thinking, which can have and often have a negative impact on the results of working with text, to improve the educational process. Attention is paid, in particular, to work methods that are consistent with the principles of hypertextuality in the organization of educational material.

Results. The authors establish a relationship between such attributes of clip thinking as fragmentation, disorder, mosaic, the ability to quickly switch when perceiving information, etc. with methods for supplying and processing educational information when working with the text of the rules during the training of English grammar at the faculty of foreign languages. The necessity of using a virtual environment (Internet sources of information and colorful illustrative material) and multimedia (hyperlinks, educational hypertexts, software such as PAINT, etc.) in the process of processing educational information with carriers of the analyzed characteristics of thinking is emphasized. The development of techniques for working with textual information is carried out taking into account the actual preferences of the students and the test results. There is an increase in the efficiency of work with the text of the grammar rule while relying on the features of the students’ clip thinking.

Conclusion. The effectiveness of teaching and learning when working with the grammar rule is increased by organizing activities that are related to the characteristics of clip thinking. Students are given the opportunity, in accordance with individual cognitive preferences and skills of clip thinking, to fragment the text to obtain the minimum discrete units, use mosaic structures when playing the rule, work in a multimedia environment with attractive visual clarity that appeals to them, and realize freedom of navigation when moving around the text. At the same time, the development of methods for processing the text of the grammar rule taking into account clip thinking should be combined with methods for improving logical thinking. Compliance with the principle of hypertextuality characteristic of clip thinking allows increasing motivation and avoiding extremely fast switching of emotional mood and avoiding solving educational problems.

_______________________________________________

© L.А. Аntonova, I.A. Bakhmetieva, О.N. Аnisimova 2019

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