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the 28th day of observation it was (2.0 ± 0.002) · 106, which is 2 times less than level of intact animals. The non-stimulated mitotic activity of the monocyte germ was more active, and on the 6th day of observation the control group index was (12.2 ± 0.02) · 106 vs. (5.2 ± 0.02) · 106 of the 2-day observation. The neutrophil indicator significantly faster recovered and on the 4th day of observation the parameters of the control group approached the levels of intact animals. Erythrocyte pool of the control group reached the level of intact animals only on the 28-35th day of observation.

The three-days injections of BIV-69, BIV-70, BIV-71 at a dose of 5 mg/kg caused a significant

increase (compared to the control group) of NCs starting from the 1st day of injections.

After injection of compounds the lymphocyte index was (0.5 ± 0.001) · 106, by 7.8 times lower than intact animals (Figure 2, A). But on the 28th day of observation (the 25th day after the injection of the compound), the highest index was observed for the BIV-69 compound, amounting to (6.2 ± 0.03) · 106 vs. (2.0 ± 0.02) · 106 in the control (p ≤ 0.05), exceeding the control by 3.1 times; placebo by 2.58 times and even the index of intact animals by 1.55 times. The BIV-70 and BIV-71 compounds activity wereinferiortotheBIV-69compound,butexceeded the activity of the reference drug by 1.55 and 1.65 times, respectively.

Figure 2 – Myelogram of lymphocytes (A), monocytes (B), neutrophilic leukocytes (C) and erythroid cells (D) in the bone marrow of mice after injection of BIV-69 compound against cyclophosphamide (1), after injection of BIV-70 compound against the cyclophosphamide in background (2), after injection of BIV-71 against cyclophosphamide (3), after injection of levamisole against cyclophosphamide (4), control group (5), after placebo injection against cyclophosphamide (6), intact animals (7).

On the axes of abscissa – time (day), in parentheses – the day after the injection of the compounds; on the ordinate axes – the number of cells (· 106) per thigh.

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Eurasian Journal of Ecology. №1 (54). 2018

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MyelostimulatingActivity оf Pyperidine Compounds BIV-68, BIV-69, BIV-70, BIV-71

Significantly different results were recorded in therecoverypoolofmonocyticcells.Duringthe28day observation there was intensive recovery, and on the 28th day of observation in the treatment group withtheBIV-69compounditwas(23.4±0.05)·106 vs. (18.2 ± 0.06) · 106 for control group (p ≤ 0.05), exceeding by 1.29 times. In addition, it significantly exceeded levels of levamisole and even the rate of intact animals by 1.77 and 1.32 times respectively. The BIV-70 and BIV-71 compounds were also inferior to the BIV-69 compound by 1.24 and 1.36 times respectively, but exceeded levamisole results(Figure 2, B).

Also, significantly different results were observed for neutrophil indicators. On the 10th day of observation (the 7th day after the injection of the drug), the results of the BIV-69 compound showed high results (21.3 ± 0.07) · 106 vs. (8.4 ± 0.01) · 106 of control group (p ≤ 0.05), exceeding the parameters of the control group, placebo and levamisole by 2.54 times (Figure 2, C). The stimulated mitotic activity of BIV-70 and BIV-71 compounds were significantly inferior to BIV-69

compound, but exceeded the levamisole by 1.6 times.

Cyclophosphamide had a pronounced myelosuppressive effect on the proliferation of erythrocyte cells.Aslow recovery of erythropoiesis proceeded in all the observation groups, and only on the 14th day of observation (11th day after the injectionofthecompounds)approachedthelevelsof intactanimals.Therewerepracticallynodifferences in the indices of the placebo, levamisole and control groups. The mitotic pool of erythrocyte cells was equal to that of intact animals only on the 28th day of observation.

Thus, the BIV-69 compound possessed a high myelostimulating activity against the proliferative activity of lymphomyeloid pools of blood and stimulation of emissions from secondary lymphomyeloid organs against cyclophosphamide myelosuppression. The BIV-71, BIV-68 and BIV70 were inferior to BIV-69. The BIV-68 and BIV70 compounds did not differ in myelostimulating action. The parameters of levamisole did not differ from those of the control group.

References

1 Aziz T., Ali L., Ansari T., Liaquat H.B., Shah S., and J. Ara. “Pancytopenia: megaloblastic anemia is still the commonest cause.” Pak J Med Sci. 26 (2010):132–136.

2 Bhatnagar S.K., Chandra J., Narayan S., Sharma S., Singh V., andA.K. Dutta. Pancytopenia in children: etiological profile. J Trop Pediatr. 51 (2005):236–239.

3 Bone marrow examination: indication, technique In: Anesoft, Foucar K, editors. Bone marrow pathology. Hong Kong: American Society Clinical Pathology; 2001:30–47.

4 Chan J.C., Liu H.S., Kho B.C., Chu R.W., Ma E.S., and K.M. Ma. Megaloblastic anemia in Chinese patients: a review of 52 cases. Hong Kong Med J. 4 (1998):269–274.

5 Chang K.L., Gaal K.K., Huang Q., and L.M.Weiss. Histiocytic lesions involving the bone marrow. Semin Diagn Pathol. 20 (2003):226–236.

6 Clarke R., J. Grimley Evans, Schneede J., Nexo E., Bates C., andA. Fletcher.Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later life. AgeAgeing. 33 (2004):34–41.

7 Iqbal W., Hassan K., Ikram N., and S. Nur. Aetiological Breakup in 208 Cases of Pancytopenia. J Rawal Med Coll. 5 (2001):7–10.

8 Ishtiaq O., Baqai H.Z., Anwer F., and N. Hussain. Patterns of pancytopenia patients in a general medical ward and a proposed diagnostic approach. JAyub Med CollAbbottabad. 16 (2004):8–13.

9 JhaA., Sayami G.,Adhikari R.C., PantaA.D., and R. Jha. Bone marrow examination in cases of pancytopenia. J Nepal Med Assoc. 47 (2008):12–17.

10Jha A., Sayami G., Adhikari R.C., Panta A.D., and R. Jha. Bone marrow examination in cases of pancytopenia. JNMA J Nepal MedAssoc. 47 (2008):12–17.

11Khanduri U., andA. Sharma. Megaloblastic anaemia: prevalence and causative factors. Natl Med J India. 20 (2007):172–5.

12Khunger J.M.,Arulselvi S., Sharma U., Ranga S., andV.H.Talib. Pancytopenia a clinicohaematological study of 200 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 45 (2002):375–379.

13Kirpal D.M., Bharat K.M., ShafiqueA., Suneel K.,Sangeeta K., andVikashThe common causes leading to pancytopenia in patients presenting to tertiary care hospital Pak J Med Sci. 29(5) (2013): 1108–1111. PMCID: PMC3858928

14Kumar P.V., MonabatiA., Kadivar R., and H. Soleimanpour. Peripheral blood and marrow findings in disseminated bacille- Calmette-Guerin infection. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 27 (2005):97–99.

15Kumar R., Kalra S.P., Kumar H., Anand A.C., and H. Madan. Pancytopenia a six year study. J Assoc Physicians India. 49 (2001):1078–1081.

16Langosch J.M., Drieling T., Biedermann N.C., Born C., Sasse J., Bauer H., Walden J., Bauer M., and H. Grunze Efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in comparison with sodium valproate. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 28(5) (2008):555-60. DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318185e75f.

32	Хабаршысы. Экология сериясы. №1 (54). 2018

Baktybayeva L.K.et al.

17MagillA.J., Grögl M., Gasser R.A. Jr., Sun W., and C.N. Oster. Visceral infection caused by Leishmaniatropica in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. N Engl J Med. 328 (1993):1383–1387.

18Mashkovsky M.D. (1986) Drugs (Lekarstvenye veshestva) Moscow, Medicine, vol. 2, p. 169-170. (In Russian)

19Modood-ul-Mannan, Anwar M., Saleem M., Wiqar A., and M. Ahmad. A study of serum vitamin B12 and folate levels in patients of megaloblastic anemia in northern Pakistan. J Pak MedAssoc. 45 (1995):187–188.

20Mohanty S.K., and S. Dash. Bone marrow metastasis in solid tumors. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 46 (2003):613–616.

21NandaA., Basu S., and N. Marwaha. Bone marrow trephine biopsy as an adjunct to bone marrow aspiration. JAssoc Physicians India. 50 (2002):893–895.

22Order of the Minister of health of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 19, 2009 № 745 “On approval Of the rules of preclinical (non-clinical) research of biologically active substances». (In Russian)

23Qazi R.A., andA. Masood. Diagnostic evaluation of Pancytopenia. J Rawal Med Coll 6 (2002):30–33.

24Praliev K.D., Iskakova T.K., Baktybaeva L.K., andA.E. Malmakova Synthesis and myelostimulatory activity of a number of 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 49, № 5 (2015):69-72 DOI 10.1007/s11094-015- 1272-2

25Rahman A., Mican L.M., Fischer C., and A.H. Campbell Evaluating the incidence of leukopenia and neutropenia with valproate, quetiapine, or the combination in children and adolescents. Ann Pharmacother. 43(5) (2009):822-30. DOI: 10.1345/ aph.1L617.

26SantraG.,andB.K.Das.Across-sectionalstudyoftheclinicalprofileandaetiologicalspectrumofpancytopeniainatertiary care centre. Singapore Med J. 51 (2010):806–812.

27ShimamuraA., and B.P.Alter. Inherited aplastic anemia syndrome. In: Greer J.P., Foerster J., Rodgers G.M., Paraskevas F., B. Gladet, D.A.Arber. Wintrobe’s clinical hematology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (2008). pp. 1173–11261.

28Sipahi T., Tavil B., and A. Oksal. Visceral leishmaniasis and pseudomonas septicemia associated with hemophagocytic syndrome and myelodysplasia in a Turkish child. Turk J Pediatr. 47 (2005):191–194.

29Stéphan J.L., Koné-Paut I., Galambrun C., Mouy R., Bader-Meunier B., and A.M. Prieur. Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in children with inflammatory disorders.Aretrospective study of 24 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 40 (2001):1285–1292.

30Varma N., and S. Dash. A reappraisal of underlying pathology in adult patients presenting with pancytopenia. Trop Geogr Med. 44 (1992):322–327.

Литер­ aтурa

1Мaшковский­ М. Д. Лекaрствен­ ные­ средств­ a. – М.: Меди­ цин­ a, 1986. – Т. 2. – С. 169-170.

2 Прикaз Мини­ ­стрa здрaвоохрaнения­ Респуб­ ­ли­ки Кaзaхстaн от 19 нояб­ря 2009 годa № 745 «Об ут­верж­ ­де­нии Прaвил прове­ ­де­ния докли­ ­ни­чес­ких (некли­ ­ни­чес­ких) иссле­ ­довa­ний биологи­ ­чес­ки aктив­ных веще­ ­ств».

3 Aziz T., Ali L., Ansari T., Liaquat H.B., Shah S., and J. Ara. “Pancytopenia: megaloblastic anemia is still the commonest cause.” Pak J Med Sci. 26 (2010):132–136.

4 Bhatnagar S.K., Chandra J., Narayan S., Sharma S., Singh V., andA.K. Dutta. Pancytopenia in children: etiological profile. J Trop Pediatr. 51 (2005):236–239.

5 Bone marrow examination: indication, technique In: Anesoft, Foucar K, editors. Bone marrow pathology. Hong Kong: American Society Clinical Pathology; 2001:30–47.

6 Chan J.C., Liu H.S., Kho B.C., Chu R.W., Ma E.S., and K.M. Ma. Megaloblastic anemia in Chinese patients: a review of 52 cases. Hong Kong Med J. 4 (1998):269–274.

7 Chang K.L., Gaal K.K., Huang Q., and L.M.Weiss. Histiocytic lesions involving the bone marrow. Semin Diagn Pathol. 20 (2003):226–236.

8 Clarke R., J. Grimley Evans, Schneede J., Nexo E., Bates C., andA. Fletcher.Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency in later life. AgeAgeing. 33 (2004):34–41.

9 Iqbal W., Hassan K., Ikram N., and S. Nur. Aetiological Breakup in 208 Cases of Pancytopenia. J Rawal Med Coll. 5 (2001):7–10.

10Ishtiaq O., Baqai H.Z., Anwer F., and N. Hussain. Patterns of pancytopenia patients in a general medical ward and a proposed diagnostic approach. JAyub Med CollAbbottabad. 16 (2004):8–13.

11JhaA., Sayami G.,Adhikari R.C., PantaA.D., and R. Jha. Bone marrow examination in cases of pancytopenia. J Nepal Med Assoc. 47 (2008):12–17.

12Jha A., Sayami G., Adhikari R.C., Panta A.D., and R. Jha. Bone marrow examination in cases of pancytopenia. JNMA J Nepal MedAssoc. 47 (2008):12–17.

13Khanduri U., andA. Sharma. Megaloblastic anaemia: prevalence and causative factors. Natl Med J India. 20 (2007):172–5.

14Khunger J.M.,Arulselvi S., Sharma U., Ranga S., and V.H.Talib. Pancytopenia a clinicohaematological study of 200 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 45 (2002):375–379.

15Kirpal D.M., Bharat K.M., ShafiqueA., Suneel K.,Sangeeta K., andVikashThe common causes leading to pancytopenia in patients presenting to tertiary care hospital Pak J Med Sci. 29(5) (2013): 1108–1111. PMCID: PMC3858928

16Kumar P.V., MonabatiA., Kadivar R., and H. Soleimanpour. Peripheral blood and marrow findings in disseminated bacille- Calmette-Guerin infection. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 27 (2005):97–99.

17Kumar R., Kalra S.P., Kumar H., Anand A.C., and H. Madan. Pancytopenia a six year study. J Assoc Physicians India. 49 (2001):1078–1081.

ISSN 1563-034X

Eurasian Journal of Ecology. №1 (54). 2018

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MyelostimulatingActivity оf Pyperidine Compounds BIV-68, BIV-69, BIV-70, BIV-71

18Langosch J.M., Drieling T., Biedermann N.C., Born C., Sasse J., Bauer H., Walden J., Bauer M., and H. Grunze Efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in comparison with sodium valproate. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 28(5) (2008):555-60. DOI: 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318185e75f.

19MagillA.J., Grögl M., Gasser R.A. Jr., Sun W., and C.N. Oster. Visceral infection caused by Leishmaniatropica in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. N Engl J Med. 328 (1993):1383–1387.

20Modood-ul-Mannan, Anwar M., Saleem M., Wiqar A., and M. Ahmad. A study of serum vitamin B12 and folate levels in patients of megaloblastic anemia in northern Pakistan. J Pak MedAssoc. 45 (1995):187–188.

21Mohanty S.K., and S. Dash. Bone marrow metastasis in solid tumors. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 46 (2003):613–616.

22NandaA., Basu S., and N. Marwaha. Bone marrow trephine biopsy as an adjunct to bone marrow aspiration. JAssoc Physicians India. 50 (2002):893–895.

23Praliev K.D., Iskakova T.K., Baktybaeva L.K., andA.E. Malmakova Synthesis and myelostimulatory activity of a number of 3,7-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 49, № 5 (2015):69-72 DOI 10.1007/s11094-015- 1272-2

24Qazi R.A., andA. Masood. Diagnostic evaluation of Pancytopenia. J Rawal Med Coll 6 (2002):30–33.

25Rahman A., Mican L.M., Fischer C., and A.H. Campbell Evaluating the incidence of leukopenia and neutropenia with valproate, quetiapine, or the combination in children and adolescents. Ann Pharmacother. 43(5) (2009):822-30. DOI: 10.1345/ aph.1L617.

26SantraG.,andB.K.Das.Across-sectionalstudyoftheclinicalprofileandaetiologicalspectrumofpancytopeniainatertiary care centre. Singapore Med J. 51 (2010):806–812.

27ShimamuraA., and B.P.Alter. Inherited aplastic anemia syndrome. In: Greer J.P., Foerster J., Rodgers G.M., Paraskevas F., B. Gladet, D.A.Arber. Wintrobe’s clinical hematology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; (2008). pp. 1173–11261.

28Sipahi T., Tavil B., and A. Oksal. Visceral leishmaniasis and pseudomonas septicemia associated with hemophagocytic syndrome and myelodysplasia in a Turkish child. Turk J Pediatr. 47 (2005):191–194.

29Stéphan J.L., Koné-Paut I., Galambrun C., Mouy R., Bader-Meunier B., and A.M. Prieur. Reactive haemophagocytic syndrome in children with inflammatory disorders.Aretrospective study of 24 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 40 (2001):1285–1292.

30Varma N., and S. Dash. A reappraisal of underlying pathology in adult patients presenting with pancytopenia. Trop Geogr Med. 44 (1992):322–327.

34	Хабаршысы. Экология сериясы. №1 (54). 2018

IRSTI 87.19.15, 70.27.19

Pavlichenko L.M.1, RysmagambetovaA.A.2, Rodrigo Ilarri J.3

1Doctor of geographic sciences, professor ofAl-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan,Almaty, е-mail: [e-mail]

2PhD student ofAl-Farabi Kazakh National University, Kazakhstan,Almaty, е-mail: [e-mail] 3PhD, professor of 2Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, Valencia,

е-mail: [e-mail]

The applicability assessment of technical solutions for a feasibility study on the purification of groundwater in the Ilek river valley from boron for the modern hydro geochemical situation

This scientific article is devoted to the problem of pollution of the Aktobe basin with boron by the waters of the Ilek River, which drains contaminated groundwater. In connection with not full implementation of the decisions taken to reduce the concentration of pollutants, in particular boron, the problem of groundwater pollution is exacerbated. The monitoring datas fix the increased level of pollution. Initiative field studies and the results of the determination of sampling samples showed an excess of threshold limit value of boron both in the zone of the old sludge accumulator and in the Aktobe basin. To justify the need to develop and implement a qualitatively new approach to the solution of the problem of groundwater contamination in the Ilek river valley and the Aktobe Basin, boron made estimates for the topographic and hydrogeological, combined with the technical solutions, the feasibility study, maps. It is shown that now the front of groundwater pollution from the industrial site and the new sludge collector has approached the river, and therefore the technical solution of the feasibility study for the second section no longer corresponds to reality. The dynamics of the pollution processes of the Ilek River in the old sludge accumulator zone is analyzed. Based on the regression model, a forecast is made of the changes in boron content in the right bank of the Ilek River. It is shown that the technical feasibility study on the first site requires a revision.

As a new approach to solving the problem, it is proposed to develop a system from a constantly operating model of geo-filtration and a model of turbulent macro diffusion combined with it. Mapping izoconcentrate of boron and other pollutants of groundwater will provide an opportunity to consider them from the standpoint of alternative environmental technologies, for example, as the basis of boron fertilizers.

Key words: ground water, pollution, boron, basin, feasibility study.

Пaвличенко Л.М.1, Рысмaгaмбетовa­ А.А.2, Родри­го­ Илaрри Х.3

1геогрaфия ғылымдaрының докторы, әл-Фaрaби aтындaғы Қaзaқ ұлттық университетінің профес­сор­ м.a., Қaзaқстaн, Алмaты қ., е-mail: [e-mail]

2әл-Фaрaби aтындaғы Қaзaқ ұлттық­ универ­си­те­ті­нің­ PhD докторaнты,­ Қaзaқстaн, Алмaты қ., е-mail: [e-mail]

3PhD, Политехникaлық университетінің профессоры, Испaния,­ Вaленсия­ қ., е-mail: [e-mail]

Қaзіргі Елек өзен aлқaбының жер aсты сулaрының гидрогеохимиялық жaғдaйы үшін бордaн лaстaнуынaн техникaлық-экономикaлық негіздеудің техникaлық шешімдерінің қолaйлығын бaғaлaу

Беріл­ген­ ғылы­ми­ мaқaлa лaстaнғaн жер aсты сулaрынa жинaқтaлaтын Елек өзен сулaры­мен Ақтө­бе­ су қоймaсының­ бормен­ лaстaну мәсе­ле­сі­не­ aрнaлғaн. Лaстaушы зaттaрдың, со­ның ішін­

© 2018 Al-Farabi Kazakh National University

35

The applicability assessment of technical solutions for a feasibility study on the purification of groundwater ...

де бордың, концентрaциясын төмендету бойыншa қaбылдaнaтын шешімдердің толық жүзе­ ге aсырaлмaғaнынaн, жер aсты сулaры­ның лaстaну мә­селе­сі­ екпін­де­лу­де­. Бaқылaу aқпaрaттaры лaстaнудың жоғaрғы деңгейін белгілеуде. Бaстaмaлы дaлaлық зерттеулері және іріктелген үлгер­ дің тaлдaу нәтижелірі aлғaшқы қaлдық қоймa зонaсындa, сонымен бірге Ақтөбе су қоймaсындa дa бордың­ ШРК көрсет­кі­ші­нен­ aртық екенін­ көрсет­ті­. Елек өзен aлқaбы­ның жер aсты сулaрын және­ Ақтө­бе­ су қоймaсын бормен­ лaстaну мәсе­ле­сін­ шешу­ мaқсaтындa сaпaлы, әрі жaңa әре­ кеттердің дaйындaлуы және оның жүзеге aсырылу қaжеттігін негіздеу үшін техникaлық-эконо­ микaлық негіздеудің техникaлық шешімдер сызбaсымен қaтaр топогрaфиялық және гидрогеоло­ гиялық кaртaлaр негізінде есептеулер жүргізілді. Өндіріс aлaңы мен жaңa қaлдық қоймaсынaн жер aсты сулaрының­ лaстaну aймaғы өзенге­ жaқын келге­ні­ көрсе­тіл­ді,­ сол себеп­ті­ екінші­ aлaң үшін техникaлық-экономикaлық негіздеудің техникaлық шешімдері нaқты түрде жүзеге aсы­ рылмaйды. Алғaшқы қaлдық қоймaсының­ aлaңындa Елек өзені­нің­ лaстaну үдері­сі­нің­ динaмикaсы тaлдaнылды. Регрессиялық модель негізінде Елек өзенінің оң жaғaлaуындa бор құрaмының өз­ геруі болжaмдaлды. Техникaлық-экономикaлық негіздеудің техникaлық шешімдері бірінші aлaң үшін де қaйтa бaқылaуды қaжет етені­ қaрaстырыл­ды­.

Берілген мәселені шешуде жaңa әрекет ретінде үздіксіз әрекеттегі геофильтрaциялық және онымен бірге қолдaнылaтын мaкро диффузияның турбуленттік моделінен құрaлғaн жүйесін дa­ йындaу­ ұсыны­сы­ беріл­ген­. Жер aсты сулaрындaғы бордың­ және­ бaсқa дa лaстaушы зaттaрдың изокон­центрaттaрын­ кaртaғa түсі­ру­ бaлaмaлы тaбиғaт қорғaу тех­ноло­гиялaрдың­ бaғдaры, мысaлы бор құрaмды тыңaйтқыштaр негізі ретінде қaрaуғa мүмкіндік береді.

Түйін сөздер: жер aсты сулaр, лaстaну, бор, су қоймaсы, тех­никaлық-эконо­микaлық­ негіз­деу­.

Пaвличенко Л.М.1, Рысмaгaмбетовa­ А.А.2, Родри­го­ Илaрри Х.3

1доктор геогрaфических нaук, и.о. профессорa Кaзaхского нaционaльного универ­си­тетa­ имени­ aль-Фaрaби, Кaзaхстaн, г. Алмaты, е-mail: [e-mail]

2PhD докторaнт 2 курсa по специaльности «6D060800-Экология» Кaзaхского нaционaльного университетa имени­ aль-Фaрaби, Кaзaхстaн, г. Алмaты, е-mail: [e-mail]

3PhD, профессор Политехнического университетa Вaленсии, Испaния, г. Вaленсия, е-mail: [e-mail]

Оценкa применимости технических решений технико-экономического обосновaния по очистке­ подзем­ных­ вод доли­ны­ реки­ Илек от борa для совре­мен­ной­ гидрогеохимической обстaновки

Дaннaя нaучнaя стaтья отведенa проблеме зaгрязнения Актюбинского водохрaнилищa бо­ ром водaми реки­ Илек, которaя­ дрени­рует­ зaгрязнен­ные­ подзем­ные­ воды­. В связи­ с не полной­ реaлизaцией принимaемых решений по снижению концентрaции зaгрязняющих веществ, в чaст­ ности бором, проблемa зaгрязнения подземных вод обостряется. Мониторинговые дaнные фик­ сируют повышенный уровень зaгрязнения. Инициaтивные полевые исследовaния и результaты определения выборочных проб покaзaли превышения ПДК борa кaк в зоне стaрого шлaмонaко­ пителя, тaк и в Актюбинском водохрaнилище. Для обосновaния необходимости рaзрaботки и реaлизaции кaчественно нового подходa к решению проблемы зaгрязнения подземных вод доли­ ны реки Илек и Актюбинского водохрaнилищa бором выполнены ориентировочные рaсчеты по топогрaфическим и гидрогеологической, совмещенной со схемой технических решений техникоэкономическое обосновaние, кaртaм. Покaзaно, что сейчaс фронт зaгрязнения подземных вод от промплощaдки и нового шлaмонaкопителя приблизился к реке, a потому техническое реше­ ние технико-экономического обосновaния по второму учaстку уже не соответствует реaльности. Проaнaлизировaнa динaмикa процессов зaгрязнения реки Илек в зоне стaрого щлaмонaкопите­ ля. Нa основе регрессионной модели выполнен прогноз изменения содержaний борa в прaвобе­ режье реки Илек. Покaзaно, что и техническое решение технико-экономическое обосновaние по первому учaстку требует пересмотрa.

В кaчестве нового подходa к решению проблемы предлaгaется рaзрaботкa системы из пос­ тоянно действующей модели геофильтрaции и совмещенной с ней модели турбулентной мaкро­ диффузии. Кaртогрaфировaние изоконцентрaт борa и других зaгрязнителей подземных вод обеспечит возможность рaссмотрения их с позиций aльтернaтивных природоохрaнных техноло­ гий, нaпример, кaк основы борсодержaщих удобрений.

Ключевые словa: подземные воды, зaгрязнение, бор, водохрaнилище, технико-экономичес­ кое обосновaние.

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Introduction

Population growth, development of economic activity, growth of living standards increase water consumption and wastewater volumes with the amount of pollution in them. This situation leads to increasing competition and conflicts between different water users. According to the United Nations (UNDP, 2016: 4-9), globally, more than 2 billion people of different countries live in conditions of extreme water shortage, defined as the ratio of total freshwater consumed to the total volume of renewable freshwater reserves above the threshold of 25 percent (Sustainable Development knowledge Platform, 2015). Therefore, the study of imbalance of ecological systems in the presence of contaminationpresupposesadetailedknowledgeofthepattern of the spread of pollutants in the lakes and water streams (OECD, 2012: 25).

Pollution of groundwater and surface waters by boron in the Ilek river valley and Aktobe basin the sources of water supply in Aktobe region - has an impact on the socio-economic development of the region and the formation of an ecological situation in the territory of the Russian Federation. The Ilek River is trans boundary, it flows into the Ural River and eventually the polluted waters enter the Caspian Sea, to the spawning grounds of sturgeon (Pavlichenko, 2017: 967-974).

In the feasibility study on the purification of contaminated groundwater by boron in the valley of the Ilek River, developed at the Center for Health Protection and Environmental Projecting based on the monitoring of underground waters conducted by LLP «Akpan», technical solutions for the interception of contaminated groundwater have been developed. These decisions were developed in 2008 and reflect the hydro-geodynamic situation for 2005, as monitoring observations were discontinued due to lack of funding (Korchevskij, 2008: 86-132).

Although the feasibility study takes into account the results of the field research conducted by the Center for Health Protection and Environmental Projectingin2007and2008,whichmadeitpossible to clarify and expand the list of main sources of pollution, the regulatory deadline for its implementation has exceeded in 2015. The feasibility study revisionprojectin2015wasreducedtoarecalculation of the estimate taking into account new financial indicators. Work on the implementation of technical solutions did not even begin on the pilot site recommended by the state expertise.

Initiative field research by the authors, carried outinJuly2017andshowingthatthethresholdlimit

value (TLV) were exceeded both in the old sludge accumulation zone and in the Aktobe basin, which had not been observed before, clearly demonstrate the relevance of the boron pollution problem of the Ilek river and theAktobe basin.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the hydro geodynamic and hydro geochemical changes in the IlekrivervalleyintheAlgaregion(Aktobe)inorder to assess the applicability of technical solutions for feasibility studies in modern conditions.

Material and methods of research

The actual data of the annual monitoring by KazHydroMet (Information Bulletin, 2008-2017); the visual observations of the research area; the results of chemical composition research of surface water samples,andcartographicmaterialswereusedforthe analysis of the current situation. In addition, for more clarify of ecological situation of Aktobe region were applied the materials of the Feasibility Study by the Center for Health Protection and Environmental Projecting,andtheMinistryofEnvironmentalProtection of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2007-2009 period project; report of LLP“Akpan” for 2005.

Thestudythehydrogeochemicalsituationinthe of the Ilek river valley based on the following methods (Krauskopf, 1994: 280-331; Tahoora Sheikhy, 2014: 455):

Comparative geographical analysis of photographic materials for the period of 2008 and 2017;

Approximate calculations of the advance of the groundwater pollution front for the period 20052017;

Expert analysis of the role of causes of pollution of groundwater on the right bank of the river;

Regression analysis for predicting the timing of self-purification of groundwater on the right bank of the river (Allan Freeze R., 1979: 28-261).

In the report of LLP “Akpan” for 2005, the old sludge accumulator was allocated as the main source of pollution of the Ilek River and there was a small role of soils contaminated by the emissions of the Aktobe chemical factory (in Alga) as a result of their washing with atmospheric precipitation. At the same time, it was believed that the new sludge accumulator and industrial site do not make a significant contribution to pollution, due to their location in areas with low filtration parameters.This pointofviewisshowninFigure1,ahydrogeological map with the allocation of zones of various levels of pollution of the underground waters of the Ilek valley by boron.

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The applicability assessment of technical solutions for a feasibility study on the purification of groundwater ...

However, the results of additional partial testing of the monitoring wells, which conducted in 2007 and 2008, for clarify the nature of the pollution of the Ilek river hexavalent

chromium and boron research allowed clarifying and expanding the list of major sources of groundwater pollution by boron (Korchevskij, 2008: 31-58).

Figure 1 – Hydro geological map of the valley of the Ilek river (LLP«Akpan», 2005) with a Projecting plan for the purification of groundwater from boron (The Center for Health Protection and Environmental Projecting, 2009)

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The changes were entered in the scheme for interception of contaminated groundwater (Figure 2) after the analysis of the results of fieldwork in 2008, drilling of wells in the area of old and new sludge accumulators to assess the possibility of filtration through their bottom. In addition, Figure 3 shows the zoning scheme of the underground waters of the valley. This scheme was derived after the construction of a new map of hydro geochemical zoning by GIS methods, taking into account all monitoring wells and without taking into account the assumptions of previous researchers on the existence of a geochemical barrier not confirmed by actual hydrogeological data.

Figure 2 shows the wells of the network and the main infrastructure of the factory – sludge collectors, the territory of the plant and the city of Alga. Unfortunately, this map does not indicate the slurry lines from the plant to the new sludge collector (the oldpulpwasfedthroughametalpipe).Theoutlinesof thecityonthismapcorrespondtoitscurrentposition, while in Figures 1 and 3 these outlines are taken from the old topographical basis. Taking into account the fact (Appelo, 2005: 35-139) that the territory of the industrial site of the factory is now practically next to the city that has grown after the old sludge collector was preserved, Figure 3 clearly reflects the direction of groundwater flows from the industrial site, slurry pipelines and a new sludge accumulator.

Figure 2 - Map of the actual material of the work area of LLP“Milysai”, 2008.

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Figure 3 – Scheme of zoning of groundwater in the Ilek valley in 2005.

The report (Yakovleva, 2004: 53-192) provides information on the number of production wastes recorded as of 01.01.2000 - on the industrial site of the former plant: waste of boron production - 647.3 thousand tons, solid and solid waste - 273 thousand tons, cinder - 53 thousand tons, vanadium catalyst - 2.2 thousand tons. It is clear that such the amount of waste that was openly stored on the industrial site after the plant was shut down in 1998 could not but affect the concentrations of groundwater.

The role of slurry pipelines and production wastes in groundwater pollution can be assessed visually from the photo (Figures 4 and 6), and the

process of pyritic cinder utilization is shown in Figure 5.

The main direction of groundwater movement on the left bank of the Ilek River in the area of storage ponds of the Alga Chemical Factory from the southwest to the northeast towards the river. Hydraulic gradients here are 0.0015-0.002, the coefficients of filtration of water-bearing Quaternary sand deposits are 30-35 m/day. A maximum of concentration near the «old» storage pond is associated with this groundwater flow and a maximumspatiallylocatedeastofthe“new”storage pond (Figure 3).

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