книги / Модели речевой коммуникации. Устная речевая практика английского языка для студентов-переводчиков

But a new dining trend would soon come along to crush barbecue’s reign. That nemesis? Fast food. By the ’60s and ’70s, the food simply could not compete. Unlike the increasingly popular fastfood joints, barbecue took an extremely long time to make.

It wasn’t until the 1980s that people started to rediscover barbecue. These days, a lot of classically trained chefs are interested in cooking with wood again.

[All passages adapted from: https://firstwefeast.com/]

Vocabulary:

Pervasive	found everywhere
Fermentation	the process of pickling something or
	making alcohol
To mimic	to copy
To come into vogue	to become popular
Elixir	potion or drink with some kind of magical
	qualities
Palate	sense of taste
Sophisticated	high class, cultured
Nourishing	healthy, full of nutrients
Hub	center for a particular group or industry
State fair	American festival where people compete to
	show the best livestock and other farm
	products
Vibe	feeling or mood in a place
Grub	food (very informal)
Versatility	flexibility, ability to be changed easily
To butcher	to kill and prepare an animal for cooking

51

Topic 7. The Way of Life. Secrets of Longevity.

Health and Diseases

Task 1. Read a passage from the article «Does Sardinia hold the secret of long life?» and answer the following questions: What are the secrets of long life? Can people live longer in any place of the world? What are the crucial factors of healthy life?

Does Sardinia hold the secret of long life?

The big question is why. How come some people live so much longer than other people, and whatever the answer is, could they please share it? The problem seems to be not that there aren't any explanations, but that there are too many. We know we're supposed to eat our greens and wrap up warm, but that doesn't seem to be the whole story.

The oldest person ever to have lived, with the necessary documentation to prove it, was Jeanne Calment from Arles, in France. In her youth, she was a friend of Van Gogh's. When she died, in 1997, she was 122. Harry Halford and David Henderson, who made it to 109 and 110 respectively and both at one time held the title of the UK's oldest man, suggested variously that the answer lay in porridge, prunes, starting every day with a full cooked breakfast, or never going to bed on a full stomach.

Surely, it's easier to find an answer in a place where long life is so common, it simply can't be a coincidence. According to records, the small Italian island of Sardinia has the highest percentage of people living to 100 or beyond. The proportion of centenarians in the population is twice the rate considered normal for the rest of the world. In the tiny Sardinian village of Talana, making it to your 100th birthday barely raises an eyebrow. How do they do it? The locals claim it's all about the healthy mountain air. Or maybe the

52

organically grown vegetables. Then again it could be the purity of the groundwater, or perhaps even the fresh milk. Opinions differ. An active life in the relatively stress-free environment of the beautiful Sardinian hillsides probably also contributes.

However, there are more reasons for long life in Sardinia, that was first settled around 6,000 BC, and it's home to one of the world's few "founder" populations, which grew from just a small number of people. There has been very little immigration over the years, and 75% of the people living in Talana can trace their ancestry back to just sixteen original men and women. Talana's gene pool is so undiluted that it appears any longevity genes passed through the generations are still present in unusually high proportions in the village today. This purity has lead scientists to term Sardinia a genetic gold mine, and several research projects are investigating factors linked to long life in Talana and the surrounding villages.

Perhaps they will find the secret of long life in Talana. Clearly a combination of diet and lifestyle, with a helping hand from genetics, plays a big part. Still, it's impossible to say exactly why the inhabitants of this tiny area live quite so long. In the end, the mystery remains a mystery.

[Passages adapted from:

https://www.theguardian.com/unsolvedmysteries/story/0,,1155662,

00.html]

Vocabulary:
	Centenarians		100 year old person
	Healthy mountain air		fresh air in a mountain environment
	Organically	grown	vegetables grown without pesticides
	vegetables		(chemicals that kill weeds/insects)

53

Pure groundwater	freshwater	found	underground
	(reached by building wells)
Stress-free environment	living conditions where a person can
	feel relaxed
To contribute - to add or	to add or give something
give something
To trace one’s ancestors	to have/get information about earlier
track back to	generations of your family
To be undiluted	to be pure, not mixed with anything
	else
Longevity genes	DNA that allows you to live longer
Genetic gold mine	to be the source of a lot of potential
	information and research projects in
	the field of genetics

Task 2. Study the factors related to longevity from psychologytoday.com and express your opinion on each of the factors.

Research has supported the links between longevity and the following behaviors:

•EXERCISE! Even small doses will extend your life.

•Connecting with others. Surround yourself with good people.

•Reducing stress. Aim for challenges that stretch you but don’t overwhelm you.

•Managing your money wisely. Debt is a vampire, a huge stressor, and a joy-killer.

•Eating healthy foods most of the time.

•Sleeping for 7-8 hours per night.

•Engaging in meaningful activities.

54

[Passages adapted from: https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/changepower/201701/3- surprising-secrets-longer-life]

Task 3. Make up groups of 3 and discuss which healthy habits prevent diseases. Support your decisions with real life examples (based on your own experience or search the web).

Task 4. Read the article «Healthy living can prevent disease» from Canadian public health services and tell what experts think of the connection between healthy living and diseases. Prepare a critical review of this article.

Healthy living can prevent disease

Cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease (heart disease and stroke) and lung disease are the leading causes of preventable death and disability in Canada. You can dramatically reduce your risk of these Big Four chronic diseases (long-term or ongoing illnesses) by changing the way you live.

That's because each of these chronic diseases share common conditions or risk factors that relate to your everyday choices and personal health habits. For example, an unhealthy diet can lead to obesity, which is a risk factor for certain cancers, heart disease, stroke and diabetes; and smoking is a major cause of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and lung cancer, and puts you at high risk for heart disease.

The Public Health Agency of Canada has information on both preventing and living with the Big Four chronic diseases: cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases.

There are many different types of cancers. All are characterized by cells that start growing abnormally and spread to other parts of the body.

55

Based on Canadian Cancer Statistics, 45% of Canadian women and 49% of Canadian men will develop cancer during their lifetime. The number of new cancer cases continues to rise steadily as the Canadian population grows and ages. The risk of developing cancer increases dramatically with age.

There are steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing cancer:

•Not smoking or being around smoke

•Eating healthy food

•Being more active

•Protecting yourself from the sun

Some heart diseases and blood circulation conditions are passed down from parent to child. Others are the result of lifestyle choices.

You can reduce your risk for heart diseases and conditions by changing your lifestyle choices. This includes:

•reducing stress

•being physically active

•eating nutritious foods

•maintaining a healthy weight

•quitting (or not starting) smoking

Diabetes is a chronic condition that stems from the body’s inability to sufficiently produce and/or properly use insulin which the body needs to use sugar as an energy source. Diabetes can lead to serious complication but those who have diabetes can take steps to control the disease and lower the risk of complications, and namely:

• Eating a health, balanced diet: eating foods that are rich in fibre, reducing the amount of fat in food selections and adding more fruit and vegetables;

56

•Ensure regular physical activity: a key element in controlling weight and reducing the likelihood of developing diabetes. Physical activity also helps a person maintain better posture and balance, stronger muscles and bones, more energy, and reduced stress.

•Managing high blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose: diabetes and high blood pressure are often found together. Up to three-quarters of people with undiagnosed diabetes have high blood pressure. Studies show that good control of blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose can substantially reduce the risk of someone developing complications and slow their progression.

The two most important risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases are tobacco smoke (through personal smoking and exposure to second-hand smoke) and indoor and outdoor air quality. Those who smoke cigarettes increase their risk of developing lung cancer, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and asthma. People who have chronic respiratory disease should refrain from smoking (or being exposed to second-hand smoke) and as much as possible ensure a high quality of the air they breathe.

[All passages adapted from:

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/chronic-diseases/ healthy-living-prevent-disease.html]

Vocabulary:
	Cardiovascular disease		heart disease and stroke
	Leading causes of something		most common causes of something
	Chronic diseases		long-term or ongoing illnesses
	Risk factors		factors that make somebody more
			likely to have certain diseases

57

Everyday choices	small choices that we make on a
	regular basis
Obesity	extremely overweight
To put someone at high risk	to cause someone to be more likely
for something	to get something (such as a
	disease)
Personal health habits	a person’s regular behavior as it
	relates to their health
To develop a disease during	to get a disease at some point
one’s lifetime	during one’s life
To pass down from parent to	when a characteristic is determined
child	by DNA, so parents give it to their
	children
To lower the risk of	to make it less likely that there will
complications	be negative side effects of a
	procedure or medicine
Second-hand smoke (to be	cigarette smoke that you breathe in
exposed to second-hand	as a result of being around
smoke)	someone else who smokes
To refrain from smoking	to decide not to smoke

Task 5. Prepare your final speech on the topic «How to live a long and healthy life in the 21st century».

58

Module 2. HUMAN ACTIVITIES

Section 3. The World Around Us

Topic 8. Geographical Characteristics of Countries. Geographical Impact on Local Economic Development

Task 1. Read the geographical descriptions of England and China and debate with your partner how geographical characteristics impact the economic development of these countries.

England is made up of about 65% of the island of Great Britain as well as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. The Irish Sea, Atlantic Ocean and North Sea surround England, granting it an extensive coastline.

England can be divided into: 1. The Highland Zone

This zone is characterized by rocky, rugged hills and eroded mountain faces, interrupted by valleys and extensive plains. These higher lying areas get less sunlight during the day and more rainfall than the lower lying areas.

The Pennine Mountain Range, Cumbrian Mountains and the mountains of the Lake District are included in the Highland Zone. Some of these mountains peak at an impressive 3000 feet (or 914 meters) above sea level. Devon and Cornwall are situated on a peninsula that is part of the Highland Zone, and is particularly rugged and bare.

2. The Lowland Zone

This zone experiences less rain and more sunshine than the highlying regions. The soil is more fertile. The landscape boasts rolling

59

hills that are not very high. The Lowlands include the Cotswold Hills, Chiltern Hills, North Downs and South Downs.

England makes extensive use of its inland waterways, such as its rivers: the Thames River, Mersey River and Tyne River, etc.

England's climate is described as being temperate maritime. Winter temperatures seldom plummet below zero degrees Celsius, while summer highs can reach about 30 degrees Celsius. January and February are coldest and usually experience snowfall, while July is the hottest month.

[All passages adapted from: https://www.englandforever.org/england-geography.php]

China is a very diverse country with many distinct geographical regions. It has deserts, high mountains, grasslands, tropical forests and almost every other geographical feature that you can think of.

The general rule is that the terrain falls in steps from the high Tibetan plateau in the south west to the flat North Coastal plain in the north east. Three great rivers run vaguely west to east to divide the nation into three north-south zones, the Huang He (Yellow River); Chang Jiang (Yangzi River) and Yu Jiang (Pearl River). Northern China is dominated by flat plains and coastlines while Southern China is mountainous with a rocky coastline. The usual line taken to divide Northern from Southern China is the course of the Huai River which runs through Henan and Anhui. The lack of rain in Western China is one of the most important features of China's climate. The average temperature and rainfall profile is weighted according to each province's area and because of the vast area of Tibet and Xinjiang provinces it is generally lower than would be expected. In Winter and Spring an anti-cyclone often sits over Mongolia bringing east and south-easterly winds. In winter extremely cold Siberian air is drawn into north-east China. In

60