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Figure 22 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualized in the predominantly cingulate cortex and left paracingulate gyrus projection in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal (C) planes

In relation to the superior part of the network, an area of decreased connectivity is also visualised in the cingulate gyrus structure, with a tendency to transition to the right paracingulate gyrus (Figure 23).

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Figure 23 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualized in the projection of predominantly cingulate cortex and right paracingulate gyrus in axial (A), frontal

(B) and sagittal planes (C)

In the Salience Network, the main functional areas or nodes of the network are located in the anterior cingulate, anterior insular lobe, and accessory in motor areas. The SN also includes nodes in the amygdala, hypothalamus, ventral striatum, thalamus and

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specific brainstem nuclei, also in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), rostral prefrontal cortex (RPFC), parahippocampal gyrus, olfactory lobe and ventral tectum area (VTA). Processing of the data in this network were identified four clusters of significant reduction in connectivity, with the anterior cingulate cortex (1 cluster), left rostral prefrontal cortex (1 cluster) and right rostral prefrontal cortex (2 clusters) as areas of interest. The data are presented in Table 12.

Table 12 — Areas of reduced activation in the resting state network Salience

Network in individuals with PGC compared to control group (p < 0.05)

Area of interest	Area of the brain	Field by	Size	p-value
		Broadman	(vox
			el)
Anterior cingulate	Left precentral gyrus (31%)	2,3,4,5,6	587	0,000003
cortex	Right precentral gyrus (27%)
	Left postcentral gyrus (21%)
Left rostral prefrontal	Left precentral gyrus (64%)	3,4,40	180	0,000056
cortex	Left postcentral gyrus (31%)
Right rostral	Left precentral gyrus (39%)	4,6,13	345	0,000009
prefrontal cortex	Juxtapositional lobule cortex
	(23%)
	Right insula cortex (39%)	13	221	0,000001
	Right central operculum
	(29%)
	Putamen (13%)

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According to the table, the first cluster, in which the anterior cingulate cortex was taken as the area of interest, was visualised in the left precentral, right precentral and left postcentral gyrus, and it was the largest in size (Figure 24).

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Figure 24 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection of the left precentral, right precentral and left postcentral gyrus in the axial (A), frontal

(B) and sagittal planes (C)

The second cluster identified, with the left rostral prefrontal cortex as the area of interest, was defined at the border of the left precentral and postcentral gyrus (Figure 25).

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Figure 25 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection of the left precentral gyrus in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes (C)

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The third and fourth clusters identified, in which the right rostral prefrontal cortex was taken as the area of interest, was identified two areas of reduced connectivity: one in the left precentral gyrus with involvement of the juxtapositional lobula cortex, the other in the right insula cortex with extension to the right central opercular cortex and putamen (Figure 26, 27).

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Figure 26 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. A decrease in activity is visualised in the projection predominantly left precentral gyrus in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes

(C)

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Figure 27 — Colour mapping of the absolute difference in activation obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. A decrease in activity is visualised in the projection predominantly right insula cortex in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes

(C)

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The DorsalAttention or dorsal attention network, being a bilateral network, is a strong connection between the lateral occipital lobe, the precentral sulcus, the dorsal part of the superior frontal sulcus, which is considered the frontal visual fields (FEF), the ventral premotor cortex, the superior parietal lobe, the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the sensorimotor middle temporal region. In this network were identified five clusters of reduced connectivity, with the frontal visual field and intraparietal sulcus as the area of interest (Table 13).

Table 13 — Areas of reduced activation in the resting state network

DorsalAttention in individuals with PGC compared to control group (p < 0.05)

	Area of	Area of the brain	Field by	Size	p-value
	interest		Broadman	(voxel)
	Frontal	Cingulate gyrus (91%)	24,32	199	0.00005
	visual	Right paracingulate gyrus
	field	(6%)
	Intrapariet	Cingulate gyrus (83%)	24,32	315	0.000005
	al sulcus
		Left supramarginal gyrus	7,40	272	0.000024
		(46%)
		Angular gyrus (26%)
		Left upper parietal lobe (19%)
		Angular gyrus (71%)	40,39	174	0.000095
		Right supramarginal gyrus
		(25%)
		Right middle frontal gyrus	6	160	0.000015
		(82%)

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From the data in the table, one cluster, with the frontal visual field as the area of interest, was visualised in the right cingulate gyrus, slightly extending into the paracingulate gyrus (Figure 28).

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Figure 28 — Colour mapping of the absolute difference in activation obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Reduced activity is visualised in the projection predominantly right cingulate gyrus in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes

(C)

Using the intraparietal sulcus as the area of interest, four clusters of reduced connectivity were identified. The first was visualised in the cingulate gyrus, the second in the left supramarginal and angular gyrus, the third - in the right supramarginal and angular gyrus and the fourth - in the right middle frontal gyrus (Figure 29, 30, 31, 32).

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Figure 29 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection of the cingulate gyrus in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal (C) planes

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Figure 30 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection of the left supramarginal gyrus in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes (C)

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Figure 31 — Colour mapping of the absolute difference in activation obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection predominantly of the right angular gyrus in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes (C)

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Figure 32 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection of the right middle frontal gyrus in axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes (C)

The FrontoParietal Network is part of the executive control network, which includes the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). Clusters of reduced connectivity were identified in both areas of interest (Table 14).

Table 14 — Areas of reduced activation in the resting state network FrontoParietal

in subjects with PGC compared to control group (p<0.05)

Area of interest	Area of the brain	Field by	Size (voxel)	p-value
		Broadman
Lateral	Site in the white matter	13	213	0.000001
prefrontal cortex	structure at the border of
	the right frontal and
	parietal lobes
Posterior parietal	Left supramarginal	40,2	537	0.000001
cortex	gyrus (66%)
	Left postcentral gyrus
	(13%)
	Right supramarginal	40,2	182	0.000128
	gyrus (anterior part)
	(57%)

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Right parietal opercular cortex (21%)

Right supramarginal gyrus (posterior part) (15%)

The cluster of reduced connectivity to the lateral prefrontal cortex is a single site located exclusively in the white matter at the border of the right frontal and parietal lobes (Figure 33).

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Figure 33 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection of the white matter area at the border of the right frontal and parietal lobes in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes (C)

Two clusters of reduced connectivity to the posterior parietal cortex were located predominantly in the left supramarginal and postcentral gyrus, as well as in the anterior and posterior parts of the right supramarginal gyrus and right parietal opercular cortex (Figure 34, 35).

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Figure 34 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the BE patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection of the left supramarginal gyrus in the axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes (C)

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Figure 35 — Colour mapping of the absolute activation difference obtained by subtracting the functional metrics of the control group from the functional metrics of the PGC patient group. Decreased activity is visualised in the projection of the right supramarginal gyrus in axial (A), frontal (B) and sagittal planes (C)

The Language Network is one of the most complex in connectomics, which consists of 5 interconnected subnetworks: sensorimotor network, passive mode network, central executive network, dorsal attention network and significance detection network.

It is now recognised that the functional areas of the brain involved in language function are located in the lateral prefrontal cortex, the left temporal region, namely the