2 курс / Нормальная физиология / Торшин 2014

ɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ (ɊɎ) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɦɨɡɝɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ, ɡɚɯɨɞɹ ɪɨɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɨɧɰɨɦ ɜ ɬɚɥɚɦɭɫ, ɚ ɤɚɭɞɚɥɶɧɵɦ – ɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɫɟɬɟɜɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ, ɢɥɢ ɫɟɬɟɜɨɣ, ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɊɎ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ ɢ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ ɚɤɫɨɧ, ɯɨɬɹ ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɫ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɦɢ ɚɤɫɨɧɚɦɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦɢ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɪɭɛɪɨɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɨɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɵ. ɇɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɤɥɟɬɤɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɞɨ 40 000 ɫɢɧɚɩɫɨɜ, ɱɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɟ ɦɟɠɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɜ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ ɊɎ. ȼ ɧɟɣ ɛɵɥ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧ ɰɟɥɵɣ ɪɹɞ ɹɞɟɪ ɢ ɹɞɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɪɭɩɩ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɦɵɦɢ ɢɦɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹɦɢ.

Ɋɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɤ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ: ɫɩɢɧɨɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɰɟɪɟɛɟɥɥɨɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɨ-ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ (ɨɬ ɤɨɪɵ, ɛɚɡɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɧɝɥɢɟɜ, ɝɢɩɨɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ), ɨɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɨɬ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɜɚɪɨɥɢɟɜɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ, ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ), ɬɚɤ ɢ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ: ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɨɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ, ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɨ-ɤɨɪɤɨɜɨ-ɩɨɞɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ, ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɨɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɨɜɵɟ, ɤ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɫɬɜɨɥɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

Ɋɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ, ɬɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ (ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɭɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɊɎ), ɢ ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɟɟ, ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɧɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɨɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ), ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɦ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɦ. Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɝɨ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɊɎ ɧɚ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɭɸ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ «ɫɟɱɟɧɨɜɫɤɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ», ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɭɝɧɟɬɟɧɢɢ ɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ.

Ƚ. Ɇɷɝɭɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɨɤɥɟɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ ɊɎ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɵ-

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ɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɟ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ Ɍɉɋɉ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɬɢɩɭ ɝɢɩɟɪɩɨɥɹɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ.

Ɍɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɵ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɢɦɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɚ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɸɳɢɟ – ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɊɎ ɦɨɫɬɚ.

Ɋɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ. Ɍɚɤ, ɊɎ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɞɜɢ-

ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ, ɩɨɫɬɭɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɢ ɮɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ.

ȼ 1944 ɝ. ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɷɩɢɞɟɦɢɢ ɩɨɥɢɨɦɢɟɥɢɬɚ (ɡɚɛɨɥɟɜɚɧɢɹ, ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ) ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ɗɬɨ ɧɚɜɟɥɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɤɚɧɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɱɟɧɨɝɨ Ƚ. Ɇɷɝɭɧɚ ɧɚ ɦɵɫɥɶ ɨɛ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɊɎ ɜ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɟɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɢ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɦɢ ɡɚ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɹɞɪɨ Ⱦɟɣɬɟɪɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ. əɞɪɨ Ⱦɟɣɬɟɪɫɚ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɚɥɶɮɚ- ɢ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɦɵɲɰɵ-ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɢ, ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɚɥɶɮɚ- ɢ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣ- ɪɨɧɵ ɦɵɲɰ ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ, ɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɬɨɧɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɚɥɶɮɚ- ɢ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɦɵɲɰ-ɫɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɢɬ ɚɥɶɮɚ- ɢ ɝɚɦɦɚ-ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɦɵɲɰ-ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ. Ʉɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɹɞɪɨ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨ Ⱦɟɣɬɟɪɫɚ, ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɦɵɲɰ-ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ. ɉɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɟɡɤɚ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɹɬɢɸ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɯ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɣ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɹɞɪɚ ɧɚ ɹɞɪɨ Ⱦɟɣɬɟɪɫɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɦɵɲɰ ɪɚɡɝɢɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɶ ɧɚɞ ɬɨɧɭɫɨɦ ɦɵɲɰ-ɫɝɢ-

ɛɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɞɟɰɟɪɟɛɪɚɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɪɢɝɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɩɨ-

ɜɵɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ ɦɵɲɰ, ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɣɫɹ ɜ ɫɢɥɶɧɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɹɠɟɧɢɸ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɧɭɸ ɩɨɡɭ ɬɟɥɚ: ɡɚɩɪɨɤɢɧɭɬɚɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɚ, ɜɵɬɹɧɭɬɵ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɨɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɝɢ, ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɟɣɲɟɦ ɬɨɥɱɤɟ ɩɚɞɚɟɬ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɬɨɧɤɚɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɩɨɡɵ ɬɟɥɚ.

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Ɋɢɝɢɞɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɱɟɡɚɟɬ, ɟɫɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɢɬɶ ɹɞɪɨ Ⱦɟɣɬɟɪɫɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɟɡɤɭ ɧɢɠɟ ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɬɪɟ-

ɦɨɪ, ɫɩɚɫɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɬɨɧɭɫ.

ɊɎ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢɝɪɚɟɬ ɪɨɥɶ ɜ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɰɢɢ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ ɝɥɚɡɧɵɯ ɦɵɲɰ. ɉɨɥɭɱɢɜ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɸ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɧɢɯ ɛɭɝɪɨɜ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɨɯɨɥɦɢɹ, ɦɨɡɠɟɱɤɚ, ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɵɯ ɹɞɟɪ, ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɟɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɊɎ ɟɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɭɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɬɨɪɧɵɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɝɥɚɡɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢ ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɨɦ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɜɢɠɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɥɨɜɵ ɢ ɝɥɚɡ.

Ɋɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɜɟɝɟɬɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ, ɜ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɫɬɚɪɬɨɜɵɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɊɎ, ɡɚɩɭɫɤɚɸɳɢɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɧɭɬɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɩɩɵ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ, ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɳɢɯ ɡɚ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɊɎ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɞɜɚ ɹɞɪɚ, ɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɜɞɨɯ, ɞɪɭɝɨɟ – ɡɚ ɜɵɞɨɯ. ɂɯ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɧɟɜɦɨɬɚɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɊɎ ɜɚɪɨɥɢɟɜɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ. Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɊɎ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɫɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɞɵɯɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɤɬɵ.

ɋɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɪɨɦɛɨɜɢɞɧɨɣ ɹɦɤɟ ɞɧɚ IV ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɤɚ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɊɎ. ɉɪɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ ɜɚɪɨɥɢɟɜɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɟɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɨɫɭɞɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ.

Ɋɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫɨ ɜɫɟɦɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɦɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɞɢɮɮɭɡɧɨɣ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɲɟɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɢ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɤ ɤɨɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɨ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ɋɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɊɎ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ «ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɩɪɨɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ», ɚ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɷɧɰɟɮɚɥɨɝɪɚɦɦɟ –

ɞɟɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɪɢɬɦɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɟɝɨ ɤ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɵɫɨ-

ɤɨɱɚɫɬɨɬɧɨɦɭ ɛɟɬɚ-ɪɢɬɦɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɪɢɟɧɬɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɪɟɮ-

ɥɟɤɫ.

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ɉɟɪɟɪɟɡɤɚ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɢɠɟ ɊɎ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɭ ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɵɲɟ – ɫɧɚ. ɊɎ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɟɬ ɰɢɤɥ «ɫɨɧ– ɛɨɞɪɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ».

Ɋɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɹ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ: ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɨɬɭ ɫɥɭɯɚ, ɡɪɟɧɢɹ, ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɹ. ɊɎ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɤɚɤ ɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤ ɥɟɤɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɟɩɚɪɚɬɚɦ: ɛɚɪɛɢɬɭɪɚɬɚɦ ɢ ɚɦɢɧɚɡɢɧɭ. Ɍɚɤ, ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɊɎ ɢ ɛɚɪɛɢɬɭɪɨɜɵɣ ɧɚɪɤɨɡ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɸ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɦɩɭɥɶɫɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɦ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟɦ ɊɎ. ȼɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱɟɧɢɢ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɦ-ɥɢɛɨ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɧɢɟ ɤ ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɦɢ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹɦɢ.

ȼ ɪɟɬɢɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɨɝɨ, ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɢ ɬɚɥɚɦɭɫɚ ɢɦɟɸɬɫɹ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ, ɪɟɚɝɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɦɵɲɰ ɢ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɟ ɬɭɩɨɣ ɛɨɥɢ.

Ʉɨɪɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ

Ʉɨɪɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ – ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɜ ɮɢɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦ ɨɬɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɪɜɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. ɍ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɫɲɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɨɪɚ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɜɵɫɲɭɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɸ ɩɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ.

Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɨɥɨ 600 ɫɦ3. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɫɟɪɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 1,3–4,5 ɦɦ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɤɥɚɞɤɚɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɢ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɪɵ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ 2200– 2500 ɫɦ2. ȼ ɟɟ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ 10 ɦɥɪɞ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɟɳɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɝɥɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ. Ɉɧɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɢ ɥɟɜɨɟ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ, ɜ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬ: ɥɨɛɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ (lobus frontalis), ɬɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ (lobus parietalis), ɜɢɫɨɱɧɭɸ (lobus temporalis) ɢ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ( lobus occipitalis). ɇɚ ɞɧɟ ɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɛɨɪɨɡɞɵ, ɨɬɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɥɨɛɧɭɸ ɢ ɬɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɞɨɥɢ ɨɬ ɜɢ-

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ɫɨɱɧɨɣ, ɥɟɠɢɬ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɤɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ (insula). ɇɚ ɦɟɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ, ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɨ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɦ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɥɢɦɛɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ. ɇɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɤɨɪɚ. Ɉɛɚ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɦɨɡɨɥɢɫɬɵɦ ɬɟɥɨɦ (corpus collosum).

Ɏɢɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɤɨɪɭ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ ɞɟɥɹɬ ɧɚ

ɞɪɟɜɧɸɸ (ɚɪɯɢɤɨɪɬɟɤɫ), ɫɬɚɪɭɸ (ɩɚɥɟɨɤɨɪɬɟɤɫ) ɢ ɧɨɜɭɸ ɤɨ-

ɪɭ (ɧɟɨɤɨɪɬɟɤɫ). Ʉ ɚɪɯɢɤɨɪɬɟɤɫɭ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɥɭɤɨɜɢɰɵ, ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɬɪɚɤɬɵ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɨɛɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ, ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɛɭɝɨɪɤɢ ɫ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɦɢ. ɉɚɥɟɨɤɨɪɬɟɤɫ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɩɨɹɫɧɭɸ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɭ, ɝɢɩɩɨɤɚɦɩ ɢ ɦɢɧɞɚɥɢɧɭ. ȼɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɧɟɨɤɨɪɬɟɤɫɭ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬ ɭ ɦɥɟɤɨɩɢɬɚɸɳɢɯ ɢ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ.

ȼ ɤɨɪɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɚ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ. ɉɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɚɤɫɨɧɵ, ɡɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɲɢɩɢɤɨɜ – ɫɢɧɚɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ, ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɚɹ ɤɥɟɬɤɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢɪɭɟɬ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɦɢ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɦɢ. ɒɢɩɢɤɢ ɤɪɚɣɧɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ ɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɦ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɦ: ɝɢɩɨɤɫɢɢ, ɚɫɮɢɤɫɢɢ, ɜɥɢɹɧɢɸ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɧɢ ɚɬɪɨɮɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɸɬɫɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ.

Ɂɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ ɢ ɚɤɫɨɧ, ɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɫɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɫɜɹɡɟɣ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɚɦɢ ɫɚɦɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ.

ȼɟɪɟɬɟɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ ɤɨɪɵ.

ɇɟɨɤɨɪɬɟɤɫ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɲɟɫɬɢɫɥɨɣɧɨɟ ɫɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ (ɪɢɫ. 3.16).

ɉɟɪɜɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɤɫɢɮɨɪɦɧɵɣ, ɫɨ-

ɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɦɚɥɨ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɧɨ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɪɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɜɨɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɚɦɢ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɢ ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚɦɢ ɧɟɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɹɞɟɪ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɛɭɝɪɚ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɜɨɡɛɭɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ.

169

Ɋɢɫ. 3.16. ɋɬɪɨɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɪɵ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ:

1 – ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɩɥɟɤɫɢɮɨɪɦɧɵɣ, ɫɥɨɣ; 2 – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ, ɫɥɨɣ; 3 – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ; 4 – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ; 5 – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ; 6 – ɦɭɥɶɬɢɮɨɪɦɧɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ

ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ, ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɧɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɜɨɥɨɤɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɪɵ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨ-ɤɨɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ, ɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɚ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɸ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤɪɚɬɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɚɦɹɬɶ.

Ɍɪɟɬɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɵɣ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɣ, ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɜ ɨɫ-

ɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɫɬɧɨ ɫɨ ɜɬɨɪɵɦ ɫɥɨɟɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ «ɦɟɠɤɨɪɤɨɜɭɸ» ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ.

170

ɑɟɬɜɟɪɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɡɟɪɧɢɫɬɵɣ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɡɜɟɡɞɱɚɬɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ, ɧɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɚɥɚɦɨɤɨɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ ɨɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ.

ɉɹɬɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ, ɚɤɫɨɧɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɩɭɫɤɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɝɨɜɚɬɵɣ ɢ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɣ ɦɨɡɝ. ȼ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ȼɟɰɚ, ɚɩɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɟɧɞɪɢɬɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɫɥɨɟɜ, ɚ ɫɚɦɵɟ ɞɥɢɧɧɵɟ ɚɤɫɨɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɣ ɬɪɚɤɬ, ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɳɢɣ ɫɩɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

ɒɟɫɬɨɣ ɫɥɨɣ – ɦɭɥɶɬɢɦɨɪɮɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ ɜɟɪɟɬɟɧɨɨɛ-

ɪɚɡɧɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɭɝɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨɬɚɥɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɭɬɢ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɥɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɟɪɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɟɣ ɜ ɤɨɪɭ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. ȼɬɨɪɨɣ ɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɣ ɫɥɨɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɪɬɢɤɨ-ɤɨɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ. ȼ ɩɹɬɨɦ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɹɯ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɩɭɬɢ, ɢɞɭɳɢɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɪɵ ɤ ɧɢɠɟɥɟɠɚɳɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦ ɦɨɡɝɚ.

Ɋɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɹɯ ɤɨɪɵ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɨ Ȼɪɨɞɦɚɧɭ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ 52 ɰɢɬɨɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɹ (ɪɢɫ. 3.17). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɨ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɤɚɦ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɤɨɪɵ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɦɨɞɭɥɢ – «ɤɨɥɨɧɤɢ», ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨ. Ʉɚɠɞɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɢɞ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚɦɢ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɤɧɵɦɢ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹɦɢ – ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɬɨɪɦɨɠɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɯ. Ɍɚɤ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɤɚɠɞɚɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɤɚ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɚ ɫ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦ ɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɨɬ ɧɟɟ ɢɞɟɬ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚ ɤ ɦɵɲɰɚɦ.

ȼɨɡɛɭɠɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɦɟɞɢɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɭɬɚɦɚɬ, ɢɥɢ ɚɫɩɚɪɬɚɬ, ɬɨɪɦɨɡɧɵɦ – ȽȺɆɄ.

ɑɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɣɪɨɧɨɜ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɦɨɧɨɚɦɢɧɵ: ɧɨɪɚɞɪɟɧɚɥɢɧ ɢ ɞɨɮɚ-

ɦɢɧ, ɞɪɭɝɚɹ – ɚɰɟɬɢɥɯɨɥɢɧ.

171

Ɋɢɫ. 3.17. ɐɢɬɨɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɨɥɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɦɨɡɝɚ ɩɨ Ȼɪɨɞɦɚɧɭ:

ɜɜɟɪɯɭ – ɧɚɪɭɠɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ; ɜɧɢɡɭ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɹɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ

Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɣ.

ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɟ, ɞɜɢ-

ɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ (ɢɥɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɵɟ) ɢ ɚɫɫɨɰɢɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ. Ɍɚɤɨɟ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɦ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ ɫ ɷɤɫɬɢɪɩɚɰɢɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɨɜ ɤɨɪɵ, ɧɚɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɹɦ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɚɬɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɱɚɝ ɜ ɦɨɡɝɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɪɵ

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ɢɩɟɪɢɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪ ɫ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢɟɣ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɪɟ.

ȼɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɵ ɜɫɟɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ. Ⱦɥɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɧ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɦɨɡɝɚ (ɩɨɥɹ 17, 18, 19). ȼ ɩɨɥɟ 17 ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɭɬɶ, ɢɧɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɣ ɨ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ. ɗɬɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɨɜ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ, ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɤɚɠɞɨɦɭ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɭ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ. Ɉɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɠɟɥɬɨɟ ɩɹɬɧɨ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɵɦ ɩɟɪɟɤɪɟɫɬɨɦ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɭɬɟɣ ɜ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɭ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ ɫɟɬɱɚɬɤɢ ɨɛɨɢɯ ɝɥɚɡ. ɗɬɨ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɣ ɛɢɧɨɤɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɥɹ 18 ɢ 19 – ɷɬɨ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɚɹ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬ ɰɜɟɬ, ɮɨɪɦɭ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ. ɇɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɩɨɥɢɦɨɞɚɥɶɧɵ, ɨɧɢ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɵɟ, ɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɬɢɥɶɧɵɟ, ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɢɬɟɥɢ. Ɂɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ, ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɵ, ɚ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɸ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɝɚɥɥɸɰɢɧɚɰɢɣ, ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɣ ɝɥɚɡ ɢ ɧɚɜɹɡɱɢɜɵɯ ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɨɳɭɳɟɧɢɣ (ɚɭɪɵ). ɉɪɢ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɥɹ 18 ɛɨɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɢɞɢɬ, ɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɡɧɚɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɰɜɟɬɚ (ɡɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɚɝɧɨɡɢɹ).

Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɤɨɪɵ (ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɚ Ƚɟɲɥɹ), ɩɨɥɹɯ 41, 42, 22

ɢɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɨ 21. Ɉɧɢ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɹɬɢɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɣ ɩɨ ɢɯ ɝɪɨɦɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɬɨɧɚɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɹ ɪɟɱɢ, ɡɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɫɥɭɯɨɜɨɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɟɱɢ ȼɟɪɧɢɤɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɣ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɢɯ ɨɬɞɟɥɚɯ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ (ɩɨɥɹ 22, 42, 37 ɥɟɜɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɹ). ɗɬɨɬ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɨɬɜɟɱɚɟɬ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɭɫɬɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ ɤɚɤ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɱɭɠɨɣ (ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɝɧɨɡɢɫ). Ȼɨɥɶɧɨɣ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɹ 22, ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɫɥɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɹɯ ɱɟɬɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɤɨɪɬɢɟɜɚ ɨɪ-

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ɝɚɧɚ (ɬɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɰɢɢ). ȼ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ (ɩɨɥɟ 22) ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɭɡɵɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɜɭɤɨɜ. ȼ ɩɨɥɟ 39 (ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ, ɬɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɢ ɡɚɬɵɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟɣ) ɥɨɤɚɥɢɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɧɬɪ ɱɬɟɧɢɹ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ (ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜ ɩɢɫɶɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɟɱɢ).

ȼɜɢɫɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɤɨɪɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ

ɜɟɫɬɢɛɭɥɹɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ (ɡɚɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɞɟɥ ɩɨɥɹ 21). Ʉɨɠɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɟɜɚɹ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ-

ɧɚɹ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɪɢɨɰɟɩɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɨɟɰɢɪɭɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɧɸɸ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɭ (ɩɨɥɹ 1, 2, 3, 43), ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɢɠɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ – ɬɭɥɨɜɢɳɟ, ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ – ɪɭɤɢ ɢ ɝɨɥɨɜɚ. Ɂɚɞɧɹɹ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɚ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ, ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɭɸ «ɫɨɦɚɬɨɫɟɧɫɨɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɪɭ», ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɤɨɠɧɵɣ ɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɵ ɚɧɚɬɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɟɞɢɧɭɸ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ, ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɸɳɭɸ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɠɢɜɨɝɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɚ.

ȼɤɨɪɟ ɬɟɦɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɨɥɢ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɨɦɚɬɢɱɟ-

ɫɤɨɣ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɳɢɟɫɹ ɤ ɪɟɱɟɜɨɣ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ,

ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɰɟɧɤɨɣ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɟɩɬɨɪɵ ɤɨɠɢ, ɦɚɫɫɵ

ɢɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɮɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ.

Ʉɨɪɤɨɜɵɣ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɜɤɭɫɨɜɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ-

ɬɨɪɨɜ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɜ ɝɢɩɩɨɤɚɦɩɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɟ (ɩɨɥɹ 34, 43). ɉɪɢ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɨɛɨɧɹɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɚɥɥɸɰɢɧɚɰɢɢ, ɚ ɟɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɚɧɨɫɦɢɢ (ɩɨɬɟɪɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɳɭɳɚɬɶ ɡɚɩɚɯɢ).

Ɇɨɬɨɪɧɵɟ ɡɨɧɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɜ ɥɨɛɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡɜɢɥɢɧɵ ɦɨɡɝɚ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ. Ʉɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢɡ-

ɜɢɥɢɧɵ (ɩɨɥɟ 4) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɭɸ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɡɨɧɭ.

ȼ ɩɹɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɩɨɥɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɩɢɪɚɦɢɞɧɵɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ (ɝɢɝɚɧɬɫɤɢɟ ɤɥɟɬɤɢ Ȼɟɰɚ), ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɸɳɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɪɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɜɵɯɨɞɵ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɨɪɵ ɧɚ ɫɬɜɨɥɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɫɩɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɵ. Ⱥɤɫɨɧɵ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤɥɟɬɨɤ Ȼɟɰɚ ɢɧɧɟɪɜɢɪɭɸɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɟ ɚɥɶɮɚ-ɦɨɬɨɧɟɣɪɨɧɵ ɷɬɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ. ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɡɨɧɟ

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