диафрагмированные волноводные фильтры / 2e48b8cf-64b7-4662-a02e-ea2085a2e980

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Fig. 26. Tx and Rx MMICs performance evaluation measurement setup.

Fig. 27. Measured small-signal reflection coefficient at the output of Tx.

Fig. 29. Measured conversion gain and output power of the Tx versus input power at 73.5 and 83.5 GHz.

Fig. 30. Measured output power of Tx at 1-dB gain compression point versus frequency.

Fig. 31. Measured small-signal reflection coefficient at the input of Rx.

(a) Lower band (71–76 GHz) receiver. (b) Upper band (81–86 GHz) receiver.

Fig. 28. Measured conversion gain of the signal (USB) and the image (LSB) versus the frequency of Tx for IF (3 GHz, −15 dBm) and LO (8 dBm).

fabricated for measurement purposes. The RF output/input of the Tx/Rx module is coupled to the GGW line via the microstrip to GGW transition and, afterward, to a WR-12 RW, as shown in Fig. 26. In the presented measurement results of this section, the losses due to the IF and LO microstrip lines on the PCB board, the microstrip to GGW transition, wire-bond, and the GGW to RW transition are included.

Fig. 27 shows small-signal output matching of the Tx. The measured conversion gains of upper sideband (USB) and lower sideband (LSB) of the Tx are shown in Fig. 28. We have used a fixed IF of 3 GHz with an output power of −15 dBm and swept the LO frequency with LO output power of 8 dBm in these measurements. The measurement results show an average 23-dB conversion gain with good flatness and a measured image rejection of more than 30 dB over the frequency band of 71–86 GHz.

The measured output power and gain of the Tx module versus input power at 73.5 and 83.5 GHz are presented in Fig. 29. The results show the gains of 24 and 21 dB at 73.5 and 83.5 GHz, respectively. The 1-dB gain compression points

are also illustrated, with an input power at −9 and −4 dBm at 73.5 and 83.5 GHz, respectively. The measured output power of the Tx at 1-dB gain compression versus frequency is presented in Fig. 30. The Tx module provides a high P1 dB output power around 14 dBm at 71–76-GHz and 16 dBm at 81–86-GHz frequency bands.

The small-signal RF input reflection coefficients of the two Rx MMICs on two carrier boards are shown in Fig. 31. The measured conversion gains of the Rx modules for IF frequency of 3 GHz and LO power of 8 dBm are shown in Fig. 32. Fig. 32(a) shows a measured conversion gain of 20 dB with an image rejection of more than 20 dB over the frequency band of 71–76 GHz. Similarly, the measured conversion gain of 24 dB and image rejection of 30 dB have been obtained for the other Rx MMIC over the frequency band of 81–86 GHz.

VI. WIRELESS LINK DEMONSTRATION

The designed module has the ability of the full-duplex wireless communication, i.e., to transmit in 71–76- or 81–86-GHz bands and receive in one of the lower or upper bands depending on which Rx MMIC is used in the carrier board. We have fabricated two integrated radio front-end modules, one with gRSC0012 MMIC to receive in the 71–76-GHz frequency

3794 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 67, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2019

TABLE IV

SUMMARY OF OVER-THE-AIR DATA TRANSMISSION TEST

Fig. 32. Measured conversion gain of the signal (USB) and the image (LSB) versus frequency of Rx for IF at 3 GHz, RF input power of −40 dBm, and LO power of 8 dBm. (a) Lower band (71–76 GHz) receiver. (b) Upper band (81–86 GHz) receiver.

TABLE III

SUMMARY OF THE MEASURED PERFORMANCE

OF THE INTEGRATED RADIO FRONT END

TABLE V

COMPARISON BETWEEN STATE-OF-THE-ART E-BAND

MULTI-GBIT/S DATA TRANSMISSION

band, and another one with the gRSC0013 chipset to receive in the 81–86-GHz band. A summary of the measured performance of the fabricated prototypes is presented in Table III.

A. Link Budget Analysis

Based on the characterized performance in Table III, the link budget analysis can be done by calculating the received signal power given by (6) and the noise power given by (7) at the receiver input

Psig = PTx +2 × GAnt − LFS − LRain − LAtm − L M	(6)
Pnoise = 10log10(kT B) + NFRx (−75.9 @ B=1.8 GHz)	(7)

where PTx is the transmitter output power, GAnt is the Tx and Rx antenna gain, LFS is the free space path loss given by (8), LRain is the loss due to rain (16.4 dB for 40 mm/h), L At m is the atmospheric attenuation (0.4 dB/km), L M is the margin (4 dB as suggested in [36] for the 71–86-GHz band), k is the Boltzmann’s constant [1.38 × 10−23 W/(K·Hz)], T is the background temperature (290 K), B is the transmitted signal bandwidth, and NFrm Rx is the receiver’s noise figure

LFS = 20log10(d[km] ) + 20log10( f[GHz]) + 92.45.

(8)

For a transmitting signal with 1.8-GHz bandwidth, a maximum hop-length (d) of around 500 m is expected for 16-QAM modulation with a theoretical signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 20.5 dB at a bit error rate (BER) of 10−6 [36]. We have considered 4-dB coding gain [36] and 16.4-dB loss due to rain in this calculation. The spectral efficiency can be improved by using higher modulation schemes. However, the hop-length needs to be reduced in order to achieve the required higher SNR. For a 64-QAM modulation, to obtain a BER of 10−6, an SNR of 26.5 dB is required [36]. This decreases the expected hop-length to 200 m by considering 7-dB back-off in the P1 dB output power of the Tx to have the required linearity.

B. Real-Time Multi-Gbit/s Data Transmission

A real-time wireless data transmission has been performed by sending a single sideband (SSB) RF signal. The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 33. QAM modulated IQ signals at 3.5-GHz center IF frequency are produced by a modem. The Tx IF ports of the radio front-end module are first combined by 180◦ couplers to achieve single-ended ports for the I and the Q channels. Then, the I/Q channels are connected with a 90◦ coupler to separate USB/LSB. The LO frequency is provided by an Agilent E8257D signal generator. The integrated radio front-end module upconverts and transmits the USB RF signals at center frequencies of 73.5 and 83.5 GHz by LO at 11.67 and 13.33 GHz, respectively. Another module receives and downconverts the signal to IF centered at 2 GHz. The Rx IF ports are combined with hybrid couplers and, then, connected to a similar modem. A separate signal generator is used for the RX module to provide LO at 11.92 and 13.58 GHz for RF signals’ center frequencies of 73.5 and 83.5 GHz, respectively. The two modules are separated by 25 m in the indoor environment. Several modulation formats and symbol rates were tested at different frequencies.

A summarized measured link performance for different modulation schemes is presented in Table IV. A maximum data rate of 8 Gbit/s is achieved by using 32-QAM modulation with spectral efficiency of 4.44 b/s/Hz. Fig. 34 also presents constellation diagrams for different modulations schemes. A comparison with some published articles has been presented

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Fig. 33. Real-time data transmission test setup.

Fig. 34. Constellation diagrams of the received signal. (a) 128-QAM with 4.66 Gbit/s at 73.5 GHz. (b) 64-QAM with 5.33 Gbit/s at 83.5 GHz.

(c) 32-QAM with 8 Gbit/s at 83.5 GHz.

in Table V. In all published works in Table V, the wireless link and data transmission are demonstrated by either using bench-test measurement setup or by designing the circuitry, packaging, diplexer, and antenna in separate modules, which increases the cost and size of the system.

VII. CONCLUSION

A compact integrated solution for multi-Gbit/s data transmission for point-to-point wireless link applications at E-band has been presented. An FDD radio front-end module has been designed by integrating a high-gain array antenna, a diplexer, and an RF circuitry consisting of Tx/Rx MMICs in one package. The proposed solution has a novel architecture, consisting of four vertically stacked layers with a simple

mechanical assembly. This is due to the use of gap waveguide technology that eliminates electrical and galvanic contacts’ requirement in waveguide structures and provides an effective system packaging solution.

The performance of each building block of the designed module has initially been evaluated separately, and then, two integrated modules have been used to demonstrate a multi-Gbit data transmission. The measurement results show that the integrated antenna-diplexer prototype has a gain of more than 31 dBi with an antenna efficiency better than 65%, where 0.5-dB loss is due to the diplexer. A maximum data rate of 8 Gbit/s was achieved by sending a 32-QAM modulated signal over a distance of 25 m with spectral efficiency of 4.44 bit/s/Hz. Based on the summarized measured performance of the fabricated modules given in Table III, for different modulations of 16 and 64 QAM, the hop-lengths of around 500 and 200 m are expected with 1.8-GHz channel bandwidth. The proposed integrated module has the ability to send and receive data simultaneously by using an FDD transmission scheme. A maximum data rate of 16 Gbit/s can be achieved by using the full potential of the designed module.

The proposed integrated radio front-end module shows the mechanical flexibility and great potential of the gap waveguide technology in system integration and packaging with high complexity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors would like to thank Gapwaves AB for producing the metal waveguide structures, Gotmic AB for providing the transmitter (Tx)/receiver (Rx) monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), and Ericsson Research, Gothenburg, Sweden, for modems used in this work.

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Abbas Vosoogh received the M.Sc. degree from the K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2011, and the Ph.D. degree from the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 2018.

His current research interests include system integration and packaging for millimeterand submillimeter-wave applications, metasurfaces, passive components, and planar array antennas design.

Dr. Vosoogh was a recipient of the Best Student Paper Award of the 2015 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, TAS, Australia, the CST University Publication

Award 2016, the Best Paper Award and the Best Student Paper Award of the 2016 International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Okinawa, Japan, the First Prize Student Award of the 2017 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting, San Diego, CA, USA, and the 2019 EurAAP Kildal Award for Best Ph.D. in Antenna and Propagation.

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Milad Sharifi Sorkherizi received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical and communication engineering from the K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2010 and 2012, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering from Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, in 2016.

In 2016, he joined Apollo Microwaves Ltd., Dorval, QC, Canada, as a member of the Research and Development Team. His current research interests include microwave filters and diplexers, electromag-

netic bandgap guiding structures, and millimeter-wave antenna arrays.

Vessen Vassilev received the M.Sc. degree in radio communications from Sofia Technical University, Sofia, Bulgaria, in 1995, the M.Sc. degree in digital communications from the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1998, and the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, in 2003.

From 1998 to 2008, he was involved in the development of mm-wave receivers for applications in radio astronomy and space sciences. Instruments

designed by him are currently in operation at the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) Telescope and the Onsala Space Observatory. Since 2008, he has been with the Microwave Electronics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology. His current research interests include the development of mm-wavelength sensors based on monolithic microwave integrated circuits technologies.

Ashraf Uz Zaman (M’14) was born in Chittagong, Bangladesh. He received the B.Sc. degree in electrical and electronics engineering from the Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong, in 2002, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree from the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 2007 and 2013, respectively.

He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Communication and Antenna Division, Chalmers University of Technology. His current research inter-

ests include millimeter-wave high-efficiency planar antennas in general, gap waveguide technology, frequency selective surfaces, microwave passive components, packaging techniques, and integration of monolithic microwave integrated circuits with the antennas.

Zhongxia Simon He (M’09) received the M.Sc. degree from the Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, in 2008, and the Ph.D. degree from the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 2014.

He is currently an Assistant Professor with the Microwave Electronics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology. His current research interests include high-data-rate wireless communication, modulation and demodulation, mixed-signal

integrated-circuit design, high-resolution radar, and packaging.

Jian Yang (M’02–SM’10) received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, in 1982, the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the Nanjing Research Center of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing, in 1985, and the Swedish Licentiate and Ph.D. degrees from the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1998 and 2001, respectively.

From 1985 to 1996, he was a Senior Engineer with the Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics Technology, Nanjing. From 1999 to 2005, he was a Research Engineer with

the Department of Electromagnetics, Chalmers University of Technology. From 2005 to 2006, he was with a Senior Engineer with COMHAT AB. From 2006 to 2010, he was an Assistant Professor, from 2010 to 2016, he was an Associate Professor, and, since 2016, he has been a Professor with the Department of Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology. His current research interests include 60–140-GHz antennas, terahertz antennas, MIMO antennas, ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas and UWB feeds for reflector antennas, UWB radar systems, UWB antennas in near-field sensing applications, hat-fed antennas, reflector antennas, radome design, and computational electromagnetics.

Ahmed A. Kishk (S’84–M’86–SM’90–F’98) received the B.S. degree in electronic and communication engineering from Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1977, the B.Sc. degree in applied mathematics from Ain Shams University, Cairo, in 1980, and the M. Eng. and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, in 1983 and 1986, respectively.

In 1986, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA, where he was a Professor from 1995 to 2011. He is currently

a Professor with Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada, where he has been the Tier 1 Canada Research Chair in Advanced Antenna Systems since 2011. He has authored or coauthored over 330 refereed journal and 500 conference papers. He is a coauthor of four books and several book chapters and the editor of three books. His current research interests include the areas of millimeter-wave antennas for 5G applications, analog beamforming network, antennas, microwave passive circuits and componenets, electromagnetic bandgap, artificial magnetic conductors, phased array antennas, reflect/transmitarray, and wearable antennas.

Dr. Kishk was the 2017 AP-S President.

Herbert Zirath (M’86–SM’08–F’11) was born in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1955. He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, in 1980 and 1986, respectively.

From 1986 to 1996, he was a Researcher with the Radio and Space Science, Chalmers University of Technology, where he was engaged in developing GaAs-and InP-based HEMT technologies, including devices, models, and circuits. In 1998, he was a Research Fellow with the California Institute of

Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, where he was engaged in the design of monolithic microwave integrated circuits frequency multipliers and Class- E power amplifiers. Since 1996, he has been a Professor of high speed electronics with the Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology. In 2001, he became the Head of the Microwave Electronics Laboratory, MC2. He is also a Research Fellow with Ericsson AB, Gothenburg, leading the development of a D-band (110–170 GHz) chipset for high-data-rate wireless communication. He is a co-founder of Gotmic AB, Gothenburg, a company developing highly integrated front-end monolithic microwave integrated circuits chipsets for 60-GHz and E-band wireless communication. He is currently leading a group of approximately 40 researchers in the area of high-frequency semiconductor devices and circuits. He has authored or coauthored more than 560 refereed journal/conference papers with an h-index of 41. He holds five patents. His current research interests include monolithic microwave integrated circuits designs for wireless communication and sensor applications based on III–V, III–N, graphene, and silicon devices.