Шполский Е.В. Атомная физика т1 1949
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ocymecrnneaae OIILlTa MlIJIJIlI- |
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Raila (1,4). § 4. |
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6. 8KcneplIMeHTanbHbIe MeTO)l;hI onpeneaeiraa y)l;enb |
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noro sapsna |
(25). |
§ 7. Onpenenenae ynem.soro aapana |
anexrpoaa |
no MeTo.n:y nnyx KOH)l;eHCaTOpoB (27). § 8. Onpeneneaae ynensnoro aapana anexrpoaa no MeTO)l;y epOKyCBpOBKIJ npononsasss MarHBT JlbIM nonex (29). § 9. 1Il0KycRpoBKs R MOHOXPOMSTR3SlI,RII ny'lKOB sapllmeHHhIx qaCTRlI, (32). § 10. 3aBRcRMoCTb MaCChI anexrpoaa OT ero CKOpOCTll (36). § 11. 8neKTpOMarHIJTHall xacca (4.1).
naB a 11. ATOMId. lIaoTouhI • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••
,. § 12. Bseneaae (4.6). § 13. Ilepaonasecaaa CRCTeMa aneMeHTOB·
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~. H. Meaneneeaa (4.7). § 14. Onpeneneaae HCTIJHHhIX Macc STOMOB. |
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MeTO)l; napafion (54.). § 15. Macc-crrexrporpadnr (57). § 16. |
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: cnexrpoxerpsr R Mscc-crreKTporpsephI C )l;BoiiHOii epOKyCRpOBKOi |
(65). |
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§ 17. |
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U rrponeuraoe conepssaaae-aaororroa (70). § 18. |
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:' neneBlIe 1l30TOnOB C nOMO~bIO MeTop;OB, OCHOBaBHhIX na )l;lIepepy3RlI (71). |
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§ 19.' Pasneneaae IlBOTOnOB MeTO)l;OM TepMO)l;uepepy3RH (77). § 20. |
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;~neHl'leBSOTOnoB C nOMOm;bIO eneHTpoMarHuTHhIx |
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(82). |
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'..§ 21. -Paanenenae R30TorrOB C rrOMOU1bIO MeTO)l;OB eppaKlI,ROHUpOBaHHoi |
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. neperonxa II 06MeHHhIx peaKulIH (86). § 22. Paanenenae U30TonOB |
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MeTO)l;OM n;eHTpuepyrupoBaHulI (88). § 23. |
Iloayxeuae |
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nonopona (neiiTeplIlI) R Tlllitenoii |
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(90). |
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§ 24. 8epepeKTuDHoe ceaeane )l;nll pacceanaa 'laCTUlI, (95). § 25. 30H ilIlpOD8HHe aTOMOD ImeHTpOHaMlI (98). § 26. Csoacraa a-qaCTlIlI, (100). § 27. Teopaa pacceaaaa ,,-qaCTUlI, (104.). § 28. 8KcnepuMeRTanbHall nponepxa epopMynhI Pe3epepop)l;a (107). § 29. Onpenerrenae aapana snpa (109).
rna D a IV. Penrreneaexae J1y'lu H ax npaaeneaae R OUPOAOliOUBIOI. ..
aTOMBLIX BOBCTRBT. • . • •
§ 30. PeHTreHODCKue nyqu (111). § 31. Iloraomeane penereuoncxax nyqeif (115). § 32. Pacceaaae peHTreHODCKRX nyqeii (119). § 33. ~Rep eppaKlI,RII penrreaoncnax nyqeii D HpuCTannRqeCKOii pemerxe (121). § 34. 8KcnepRMeHTanbHoe ocymecrsaeaae )l;uepepP~l.KlI,RR peHTreHODCKRX
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§ 36. CneKTpLI |
pesrreaoscaax JIy'lei |
(134). |
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§ 37. |
3alwH Moserra (136). § 38. A6cOJIIOTHOe onpenenenae AJIUHLI BOJIHbl |
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pearreaoscaax JIy'lei (140). § 39. |
Onpeneneaae nocToHHHOH Asoranpo |
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§ 40. |
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(147). |
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149 |
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§ 41. |
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(149). § 42. |
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B MexaHHKe (150). § 43. |
lloTeH~HaJIbHLIe KpHBLIe (153). ~ 44. JIuHeuHLIH |
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rapMOHH'IeCKHi OC~UJIJIHTOP (156). § 45. |
HOMnJIeKCUOe npeACTaBJIeHUe |
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KOJIe6aHUi (160). § 46. PaSJIOmeHHe B cnexrp (162). § 47. I.\eHTpaJIbHLIe |
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(167). |
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§ 48. f];BHmeHue B neHTpaJIbUOM nOJIe (168), § 49, Hennepoaa aanasa (170), |
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§ 50. |
Gl-'1aCT~a B nOJIe anpa (174). |
§ 51. npHBeAeHHaH Macca (176). |
§52. 0606meHHLIe KOOPAHH!lTLI.COcToHHue cucTeMLI(179). § 53. <DyHK U.UH Jlarpamaa, ¥paBHeHuH Jlarpamsa (180). § 54. Ilpaaeaeaae ypas
Helld Jlarpamaa K saAa'le 0 ~eHTpanblloM AUlilRellHH (183). § 55. 0606 meuHLle UMn,YJIbCLI (186). § 56. faMUJIbTOHOBLI KaI£OHH'Ie,CKUe ypanae HUll (188). § 57. <DuaU'IeC;KUH CMLlCJI epYHK~UU raMUJIbTOHS (190).
§58. I.\HKJIU'IeCKlie KooPAuHaTLI (193). § 59. Crw6KlI Ilyaccoua. 3aKoHbi coxpaaeaaa (195). § 60. f];BHlReHHe B BJIeKTpOMSrHHTHOM nOJIe (199).
§61. Mexanaxa 6LICTpOABHlRYmUXCH '1aCTUll; (204). '
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rpoxaraaraoe HSJIy'leHu'e nUHeiHoro OC~HJIJIHTOpa(21Q): § 64. |
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H tpe;~ee 'lI:JJI}"I8Hwe· oe~lIooll1'opa (l!11i). § 65. |
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cneserp HerapMOllH'ICCKOrO ocnannaropa (215). § 66. |
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Huij (217).§ 67. JIYtJ:ucToe rpeaae (220). § 68. Hnrerpan <Dypbe U cnnom |
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Hoi cneietp. (224). §69. ECTeCTBellHaH, mapasa cnearpansmar JIUllHH |
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(228). pO. f];pyme I1puMeploieneKTpaJIhHOrO paSJlOlReHHH aenepaoaaxe |
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CKUX npoueccon (230). § 71. |
llJI8UeTapSftH MOJJ,enb aTOMa (234). § n. 9p~ |
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6H'J.:SJIbHLIH MarHlITHLIH MOMeHT n reopena Jlapaopa (B5). § 73. 8epep¢KT |
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3ellMalla, (238). § 7/J. |
3epepeKT 3eeMsHa. 06mnB cny'laH (242). |
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,. § 75~, RnaCCH'leCKaHepH3uKa n np06neMs rennosoro llsnY'lcHllH (246).
§7l1. Paaaosecaoe asnyseaae B nOJIOCTH (249). § 77. 3aKoH Rupx
roclm (251) . .§ 78, 3aKOHLI USJIy'leHuH a6conlOTHo '1epnoro TeJIa(253). § 79. BdcnepuMekTa.JIl>lloe ncl!JIe'J],oBaHue saKOHDB reanoaoro nSJIy
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(256). § 80. |
Teopeaa 0 |
paBllOM{lpH9M pacnpeneneaaa aaepraa |
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no CTeneHHM cB060AM (257). |
§ 81. <DopMyJIaPaJIeH-,[\lRIlUCa (260). |
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§ 82. «(¥JIbTpaepHoJieToBalI |
KaTacTpoepa~ (262). § 83. <DopMyna |
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KBaHTOB snepraa (265). |
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aT!-"M8 II RBaHTOBLIe nocTYJIaTY; .: |
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Bopa (269). \86. OIILITLI <DpaHHa H I'epua (270). § 87. ¥npyrne cOYAa |
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(274). |
§ 88. |
Heynpyrne |
coynapeaaa, |
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(276). § 89. |
¥coBepmeHcTBoBsHue 8KcnepHMeHTSJIbHOH |
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,lUIltJl (278). § 90. |
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onpeneaenae |
ncex crynenez BOS |
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(279). |
§ |
91. |
Onpeneneaae uouusa~UOHHLIX nOTeH~Ha- |
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nOB (282). § 92. |
M3ny'leHRe B036ymlJ,eHHhIX aTOMOB (285). § 93. |
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II3nY'leHlIe (287). § 94. BhIHymlJ,eHHOe |
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, Hue (290). § 95. :ahIBO)!, epOPMYJIhI |
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9iiHmTeiiHy (291). |
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VIII. CnCSTpalILDLIC |
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§ 96. |
Cepna Bamerepa (294). |
§ 97. |
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CepHR JIaihraHa, Ilamena II p;p. |
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0606~eHHaa epopMyJIa Bansuepa |
(297) .. § 98. |
Cnexrpamarsre |
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ROM6IIHa~HoHHhIii npaauan |
(299). |
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99. |
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xpyroaux |
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(301). |
§ 100. |
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(304). § 101. IIplIMeHeHHe npetrsr |
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OTRphITHe TflmeJIOrO |
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H30Tona BOIJ,OpOlJ,a (308). § |
102. |
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Cepan IIIIHepHHra II'CneRTphI BOlJ,opo.I\OnOAo6HhIX lIOHOB (310). § 103. 0 |
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CDeR'rpocROnH'IeCROM onpeneneaaa ylJ,eJIhHOrO aapsna anexrpoua (312)• |
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....§ f04. |
;LJ:rtat'paMMht yponnea SHeprHH (314). |
§ 105. |
I'paansmaa cnnorn |
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HOH cnexrp aronaoro BOIJ,OpOlJ,a (315). § 106. HBaHToBaHHe BOIJ,OpOAO |
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nonoeaoro |
aTOMa |
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Bopy-30MMep<peJIhlJ,y |
(317). |
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107. |
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(325). |
§ 108. HPH3HC |
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(330). |
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,"·109. lIm¥RTYa~HRcBeToBoro. noaa (332). |
§ |
110. |
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\l(ypaBHeHlIe 9IIHillTeHHa (337). § 111. |
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nponepxa |
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:j1p,aBHeHHfI 9n:HmreHHa (340). § |
112 .. |
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',ermoillHoro penrreaoncxoro cneRTpa (343). § 113. TO'lHOe onpcne |
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IIOCTOflHHOH IIJIaHRu |
(344). |
§ |
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114. |
Apyrue.ollhIThI, |
ofinapy |
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mHBaIO~He xoprrycxyrmpuue CBoHcTBa CBeTa (346). § 115. <DJIyRTya |
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~HH cneroaoro |
I10TOR3 (J48). § 116. |
Pacceanne |
peHTreHoBcRHX |
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(BOJIHOBaH reopna) (351). § 117. 9epepeI{T |
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(356). § 118. |
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MeHTapHaH reopas sepepeRTa HOMIITOHa (358). |
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119. |
8JIeRTpOHhI |
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OT.I\a'lH (361). |
§ 120. |
8JIeMeHTapHhIe aRThI pacceanaa II 3aROHhI coxpa |
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HeHHH (365). § 121. 8RcIIepHMeHTaJIbHOe IIoATBepmAeHHe npHMeHH |
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MOCTH 3aROHOB |
coxpaneuas R sn,eMeHTapHhIM aI<TaM pacceaaaa (367). |
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122. Bnenenac (370). § |
123. |
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B OIJ,HOpOIJ,HOH cpe)!,e (371). § 124. |
BOJIHOBOe |
ypaanenae (373). |
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§ 125. Cynepn03HIJ,HH IIJIOCRHX BOJIH (375). § 126. BOJIHOBOrr I1aReT (377). |
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~.§ 127. <D!i30BaH H rpyrmonaa CROpOCTH (381). § 128. HopIlycRynHpHo-
"BOJIHOBOH I1apaJIJIeJIH3M. Ilpenouneuae csera (384). § 129. Hopnyc RyJIHpHO-BOJIHOBOH I1apaJIJIeJIH3M. 9epepeRT AOIIIIJIepa (388). § 130. Hop nyCRyJIHpHO-BOJIHOBOii I1apaJIJIElJIH3M. AHepeppaRlI,HOHHaH pemeTRa (389).
§131. fHIIOTe3a lJ,e-BpOrJIH (391). § B2. CBon:cTBa BOJIH Ae-BporJIJI (393).
§133. 9RcIIepHMeHTaJIhHOe rronrnepzsnenae rlIIIOTe3hI )!,e-BporJIJI. Meron Bparra (396). § 134. IIpeJIoMJIeHHe aJIeRTpOHHhIX BOJIH II BHY
TpeHHfIH nOTeH~IIaJI MeT3JIJI3 (401). § 135. 9RcnepHMeHTanhHoe I101J, TBepmlJ,eHIIC rIJnOTe3hI Ae-BporJIJI. MeTOlJ,hI JIaya II Ae6alI-illep
pepa (403). § 136. MHTepepepeHlI,HOHHhIe JIBJIeHHJI C MOJIeRyJIlIpHhIMH ny'lRaMH (409). § 137. BOJIHODOll: naxer II sacrana (410). § 138. CTaTH
CTH'leCROe HCTonROBaHHe nona lJ,e-BporJIJI (412). § 139. CooTHOmeHHJI
,.HeOnpeAeJIeHHOCTII (414). § 140. Onpenenenae MeCTa H HMnyJIbCa
MHRp0'laC1H~hI (417). § 141. |
OillH6o'lHhIe TOJIROBaHHJI |
coornourenaa |
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HeOnpeAeJIeHHOCTH (423). § |
142. CooTHomeHHII |
HeOnpelJ,eJIeHHOCTII |
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H npammn npH'lIlHHOCTH (428). |
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f JI a B a XL YpaBDeDue Illpennarepa . . . . . . |
. . |
. . . . . • . |
43 |
§143. YpaBHeHHe Illpennarepa l'l epH3H'leCRIIll: CMhICJI ero peme-
HHH (434). § 144. Orpaacenae II npoxoamenae sepee I1oTeH~HaJlbHhIii
6apbep (441). § 145. IIoTeH~HaJIbHhIH fiapsep ROHe'lHOH mHpuHhI (450).
OrJIABJIEHHE
ROJ]I~6aHlIlI CTP'yHLl (455). § 147. qaCTlII~a B IIOTeR~lIaJJLBOM lUI~lIKe (461). § 148. 8neKTpoH Duoreanaaasaoa lIMe (466). § 149. JbmeH.
HI>1ii: rapMOHII'IeCKlIi ocnannarop (472). § 150. Hopaansaoe II BOB~ 6YlKj:\eHH~e COCTOlIHlIlI nllHeHHoro ocnannaropa (478). § 151. CBlI
aaaaae ocnannaropu. CIIJlld Baa-nep-Baansca (485). |
§ 152. |
qacTII~a |
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D TpexMepHoM DOTeH~lIanLHOM lI~IIHe (494). |
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- |
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IIpuJIomeHUU |
••••••••• . ••••••• |
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500 |
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1. |
Bsrsacaeaae CpelJ,BHX BHa'leHIIH |
• • • • • • |
• |
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500 |
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11. |
BLlBOA q.opMYnLl BaBIICIIMOCTH MaCCLl OT CKOpOCTH |
• |
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504 |
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Ill. |
R HJIaCCllqecKOi. reopaa a4J4JeKTa |
3eeMaHa • |
• |
• |
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507 |
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IV .• <DopMyna cpenaea HBaj:\paTII'IHOii |
q.nYKTya~IIH |
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• |
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509 |
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V. tIacTII~a |
B npaaoyronsnoa DOTeHI~HanLHoil: lIMe |
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• • • • |
• • •• |
513 |
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VI. Oproroaansnocrs II HOpMHpoBaHlIe coricrseaaux |
q.YHH~HH ocnan |
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naropa ....... : ................... 516 |
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IIpej:\MeTHbIH |
yKaBaTenL. . . . . . . |
• • • • • • |
• . |
• : • . |
. • " |
520 |
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»:
nPEAlICJIOBHE KO BTOPOMY H3AAHHlO
Co BpeMeHII BLIXO~a nepnoro 1I3~aHIIH <lTOH xanra npomno yme
. -qeTLIpe rona, B renenae aroro nepaona H IIMeJI B03MOmHOCTb npone pllTb noccyrraocrs 1I3JIOmeHlIH II u;eJIeC006pa3HOCTb nOCTpOeHIIH
aaara, nOJIb3YHCb ero B npeI;IO~aBaHIIII B ~BYX MOCHOBCHIIX aucmax yQe6,RYx 3aBe~eHIIHX. UeHHLIM MaTepllaJIOM ~JIH MeHH 6bIJIlI raroxe
!k~"'~CbMaqllTaTeJIeH, qaCTb HOTOpbIX CaMOCTOHTeJIbHO 1I3yqaJIa aToMHy1O
tll3BHY no |
<lTOH HHlIre IIJIII |
ClICTeMaTlI3l1pOBaJIa |
paHee npllo6p~eH |
|
HLIe pa3p03HeHHLIe 3HaHIIH. |
Hror scex <lTIIX Ha6JI1O,IJ;eHIIH |
OHa3aJICH |
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B nOJIb3y |
BLI6paHHoro xapaxrepa 113JIOmeHIIH |
II nnaaa |
xnnra. |
B qaCTHOCTII, o6IIJ;ee onofipeaae BLI3BaJIO napaJIJIeJIbHOe paCCMOTpe -aae <lHCnepIlMeHTaJIbHOH II TeOpeTlIqeCHOH CTOpOHbI sonpoca , a TaHme IIBe~eHlIe BcnOMOraTeJIbHLIX rJIaB IIJIII naparpaqion, 1I3JIara1OIIJ;IIX
aexoropsre Heo6xo~IIMLIe CBe,IJ;eHIIH 113 ~pyrllx pa3~eJIOB reoperuae |
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~HOii: <!>1I3HHII. Bee <lTO no6Y~IIJIO MeHH nOJIHOCTb1O coxpamrn, xapax |
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Tap |
HHlIrll TaHme II BO BTOpOM 1I3,IJ;aHIIII. |
.• |
TeM He MeHee xaara nonnepraacs aecsaa cyIIJ;eCTBeHHOH nepepa |
~OTHe. Be3 npeYBeJIlIqeHIIH MomHO CHa3aTb, qTO OHa B 3HaqIlTeJIbHOH <CTeneHII aanacaaa 3aHOBO. .R CTa paJICH npeatne ncero yCTpaHIITb '~'BCi:l 3aMeqeHHLIe HeTOqHOCTII, HeHCHOCTII II, no B03MomHOCTlI He pac '~IRPHH eonepacaaaa, C~eJIaTb 1I3JIOmeHlIe 60JIee OTqeTJIIIBLIM. Ao6a eaaa, C~eJIaHHLIeB nepnoa nOJIOBIIHe HHlIrIl, nOqTlIlICHJI1OqllTeJIbHO
.:9TJlOCHTCH H <lHCnepIIMeHTaJIbHLIM OCHOBaHIlHM aTOMHOH <!>1I3I1HII,
~:TaK HaH Il3JIOmeHlIe |
HeHoTopLIX |
<lHCnepIlMeHToB B nepBoM 1I3~aHIIII |
':-.He reneps «ameTCH |
spesaepao |
<lJIeMeHTapHLIM. Kpoae roro , neofi |
. XO~HMO 6LIJIO nonpofinee OCBeTIITb re aonpocu , HOTopLIe aa IICTeHillll:ltl:
.nepaon BLI,IJ;BHHYTLI caMIIM pa3BlITlIeM HayHII. C1O,IJ;a OTHOCIITCH, -aanpmrep , nonpoc 0 pa3~eJIeHIIII Il30TonOB, HOTOpLIH B nepnou B3~aHIIII 6LIJI ynoMHHyT B O,IJ;HOH <!>pa3e, a reneps paccxarpanaerca ':B HeCHOJIbHIIX naparparpax. Ocofiemro cyIIJ;eCTBeHHLIe 1I3MeHeHlIH HCIILITaJIa BTopaH nOJIOBIIHa HHlIrll, a ee nOCJIe,IJ;HIIH pa3~eJI, nOCBH fI\eHHLIH aroxaojay H,IJ;py, B CBH311 C Hell3MepllMo B03POCillllM aaane HHeM H,IJ;epHOH <!>1I311HII II OTHpLITlIeM 60JIbillOrO qllCJIa HOBLIX <!>aHToB no Heo6xo,IJ;IIMOCTII rrpamnocs 3HaqllTeJIbHO pacmapara. M3-3a <lTOrO B03pOC II 06'beM ncea xaarn , II ~JIH ynoficraa nOJIb30BaHlIH ero OHa
3aJIOCb u;eJIeC006pa3HLIM pa3,IJ;eJIIITb ee Ha ,IJ;Ba TOMa.
8 |
ITPE,lI,HCJIOBHE |
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BLlXOAHII\HH ceasac nepnua TOM B OCHOBHOM nOCBHm;eH 3HCll\:lPH- 1 |
MeHTaJIbULlM OCHOBaHHHM anepnoa reopan aTOMa H HBaHToBoA: 4'H3HHH. Oa aaxaaaaaaercs paCCMOTpeHHeM BOJIHOBLlX CBOitCTB'
:u:aTepHH, a B nOCJIeAHeH raane, no npnaepy npemrnymero H3AaHHR,
yCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH ypanneaae Illpenaarepa H paccxarpaaarorca ero
npocreamae npHMeHeHHH -nOqTH HCHJIroqHTeJIbHO H OAHOMepHLlM aanaxax. TaHHM 06paaOM, STOT TOM npencrannaer C060H AOBOJIbHO aaHOHqeHHOe IJ;eJIoe H AJIfl HeHOTopLlX xareropaa qHTaTeJIeiI MO)l(eT
HMeT,b caMOCTOflTeJIbHLlH anrepec. Bo BTOpOM TOMe naerca 60JIee ~lICTeMaTHqe,CHOeHaJIOiReHHe OCHOB RBaHTOBOH MexaHHHlI H ee npa
MeueHHH H CTpoeHHro SJIeHTpOHHOH 060JIOqHH aTOMai OHOJIO nOJIO BHHLl sroporo TOMa nocasrneao aroxaoay HAPY H HOCMHqeCHHM »yqaM. PyHonHcb BToporo TOMa HaXOAHTCfl B nOpT~eJIe MaAaTeJIb CTBa, BBH~y xero OH BLlH,n;eT nenocpencmeaao BCJIe~ aa nepssra
TOMQM.
Teneps , RaH H npa nuxone nepnoro aanaaaa, a , HOHe'lHO, OT~aIO
ce6e nOJIHLlH OTqeT B TPYAHOCTH aanasa coanam yqe6HOe pyHOBOP; CTB6l no aTOMHOH ~HaHHe-STOH caMOH MOJIOP;OH, caMOH BaiRHoil H BMeCTe C TeM caxoa TPY~HOH qaCTH cOBpeMeHHoH ~H3HHH. Ilepnoe
aanaaae «ATOMHOH ~H3HHH» 6blCTpO npaofipeno 06UIHpHblH Hpyr neparr, B TO, 'ITO nOCJIe suxona nroporo HaAaHHfl MOT Hpyr ente 60JIee pacnraparca. 8TO 6y~eT caMOH nysmea aarpa-"
,l(oit |
anropy |
aa HeMaJIblH TPY~, norpaseaasra |
na |
COCTaBJIeHHe |
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cearatips 1%8 r-. |
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H3 llPEAlfCJIOBJIH It llEPBOMY H3AAHUIO |
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CoBpeMeHHaH aroxaaa ~H3HHa nOHOH'rCfl na |
npQqHOM «}lYH~a |
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MeHTe |
TaH |
uaaunaeaoa <<HJIaCCH'ieCHOH |
~HaHHH». |
Be3Ha~emHoH |
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6JaLlIa |
6LI nOTILlTHa ypaayaers qTO-JIH60 |
B HBaHTOBOH MexaHij:He, |
He HMefl ~OCTaTOqHblXCBeAeHHH aa MexaHHHH HbIOTOHa H Jlarpamaa, ,.JIH paaofiparsca B sonpocax HBaHTOBoii reopaa aanyxeaaa, He 6yp;yqH
3HaHOMLlM C 3JIeHTpOMarHHTHOH reopaen MaHCBeJIJIa - JIopeHIJ;a. C
APyroiI CTOpOHLl, MaTeMaTHqeCHHe xeroma HBaHTOBOH MexaHHHH rna
pOHO HCnOJIbaYIOT npaesna, suparioraaaue npa pemenaa aanaa reopaa
ROJIe6aHHH H ~pyrHx np06JIeM HJIaCCHqeCHoit MaTeMaTHqeCHOH «}lH. 3HRH. XOTfl TeM caMblM oseas onpeneneaao aauesaerca xapaxrep no~rOTOBHH, Heo6xOAHMOH P;JIH CHOJIbHO-HH6YAb cepbeaHoro Hayqe HUH aroxaon ~HaHHH, npHXO~HTCfl csarart.ca C TeM, 'ITO B nOCTa·
HOBHe npenonanaaaa reoperauecxoa ~H3HRH H B oco6eHHOCTH reope
TH'IeCHOH |
MexaHHHH 3TH |
nOTpe6HOCTH |
aTOMHOH |
~H3HHH |
AaJleHO |
He scerna |
yqHTblBaroTcH B |
~OCTaTOqHOH |
CTeneHH. |
,Il;JIfl roro |
qTo6bl |
nPE;rJ;MCJIO BilE |
9 |
no B03MomHOCTlI 1I36aBlITb lJlITaTeJIH OT Heo6xo)J,IIMOCTII HaBOiJ,IITb
cnpanaa B pa3JIlIlJHbIX HHlIrax, B HOTOpbIX H TOMy me rpefiyenoe aepenxo )J,aeTCH He B TOM BIIiJ,e, B HaHOM 9TO HymHo )J,JIH iJ,aHHOrO
CJIylJaH, B HHlIry nnenena ,n:OBOJIbHO ofiumpnaa uo,n:rOTOBIITeJIbHaH
rnana «CTp08UlIe aTOMa II HJIaCClIlJeCHaH <p1I3I1Ha». ,l],yMaeTcH,
lJTO ,n:JIH 60JIbillllHCTBa lJlITaT8JIeH 9Ta rJIaBa 6y,n:eT OlJeHb UOJIe3Ha, )J,pyrlle me cMoryT BOCUOJIb30BaTbCH eID )J,JIH cupaBOH. KpOMe Toro,
B UO,n:CTpOlJHbIX UpllMelJaHIIHX ,n:aHbI CCbIJIHII na re pyaoaoncrna ,
rue MomHO UOJIYlJlITb 60JIee UO,n:p06HbI8 cn8)J,eHIIH no TOMy IIJIII IIHOMy
BOUPOCY, 3HaHOMCTBO C HOTOpbIM Heo6xo,n:IIMO ,n:JIH UOHIIMaHIIH TeHCTa
HHlIrll.
,l],pyraH ocofieanocrr, Hnllrll, Hym,n:aID~aHcH B cueU:lIaJIbHOH oronopxe , COCTOIlT B 60JIbillOM BHIIMaulIlI, xoropoo B H8M y,n:8JIHeTCH 9Hcnep1lMeHTY. R HlIr,n:e He OrpaHlIlJlIBaIDCb cmaTOH <pOpMyJIlIpOBHOH
9KcnepllMeHTaJIbHbIX ,n:aHHbIX, HaH 9TO 06bIlJUO ,n:8JIaeTCH B HHlIrax no TeOpeTlIlJeCHOH <p1I3I1He, HO OUIICbInaID, HaHIIM oGpa30M 9TlI naansre
UOJIylJeHbI, II Be3iJ,8 CTa paIDCb narr, nOHHTlIe 0 nopamrax BeJIlIlJlIII, C HOTOPbIMII UpIlXOiJ,IITCJI IIMeTb ,n:8JIO. Ocrpoyvae , 1I3JI~OCTnO II TOH HOCTb arrcnepaaeara n 06JIaCTlI aTOMlIOM <pU3UHII HUlJYTb He yCTynaIDT
COOTHOTCTnYID~UM HalJeCTBaM, IWTOPbIMU xapaHT8pll3yIDTCH COBp8
MeHHblO <p1I3IIlJeCHUe TeopUII. R |
CTapaJICJI |
n09TOMY |
paunouepno |
npeJ~CTaBUTb B HHIIre Ty II ,n:pyrYID |
CTOpOHy, TaH HaH H |
XOTeJI, lJTOGbI |
|
9Ta HHura 3HaHOMlIJIa '-lIlTaT8JIOH |
C <p1I3IUWH |
a TOMa, |
a HO TOJIbI,O |
C ero reopaea, |
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BOJIbillU8 Tpy,n:HOCTII npaunrocs np80J~OJIeTb II BbIGOpO II pacnpo iJ,8JIeHUII MaTepllaJIa. HaH U3B8CTHO, cpo)J,1I Cn8UllaJIlICTOB HOT CiJ,lIlIO
06pa3l1H BO MHOHIIHX no UOBO,LIy HOo6XOiJ,UMOCTII coxpanena a CllJI3I1
1I3J10mOHIIH aTOMHOM <pII3HHII C I1CTOpIllJeCHOM nOCJleiJ,OBaT8JIbHOCTbIO
oe pa3BIITIIJI. Cpe,n:I1 T80P8TIIHOB ,n:OBOJIbHO pacnpOCTpaHeH B3rJlHiJ" lJTO npIl I13JIOJHeHIIII HBaHTOBOM MexaHIIKll nerrecoofipaano noofinte
OTHa3aTbCH OT I1CTOpIllJeCHOlI nOCJIe,n:onaTeJIbHOCTII II CTpOlITb 9TO I13JIOmeHII8 lJIICTO JIOrIllJeCHII, 60JIOO I1JIII MOHee J(orMa TIIlJOCIHIM
nyT8M. XOTJI H II ne ClJIITaID, lJTO B y'186UOH HHIIr8 iJ,OJImHbI 6bITb
npe)J,CTaBJIeHbI nco )J,OTaJIII pa3BIITlIJI TOOpIlIl, B 'IaCTHOCTII TaHIIe,
HOTOpbIO ymo yTpaTIIJIII axryan snsra I1UTepeC, -nOJIHbIM |
pa3pblB |
C I1CTOpIleM MHe np8iJ,CTanJIJIeTCH HenpaBIIJIbHbIM, no BCHHOM |
cary-rae |
C nOiJ,arOrIllJeCIWM TOlJHII 3peHIIH. IIo9TOMY B rJIaBO VI, nOCBJI~eHHOM
I13JIY"leHIIID a6COJIIDTHO lJepHOrO T8JIa, pa3'bHCHHIOTCH . npll"lIlHbI xaracrpoqisr HJIaCClI'IOCIWfl <pII3I1HII na py6eme XIX II XX BB., a B rnane VIII ,n:aHO xparxoe I13JIOIHeHIIO reopna Bopa, HOTopaH noxa 8~e ocraerca (BMecTe C BeHTopHoM MOiJ,8JIbID arojra ) namHblM noncno psev ,n:JIJI encnepaaeararopa, II yrcaaano , nO"leMy 9Ta TOOPIlH OHa3aJIaCb HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOfI, R nOJIaraID, "lTO TOJIbHO TaHIIM nYT8M MomHO y6e,n:I1Tb "lIlTaTeJIH n neuetiexcnocmu roro paapsma C npn nbIlJHbIMII npe,n:CTaBJIeHIIIlMII, H HOTOpOMy npllBo,n:IIT HBaHTOBall MexaHIIHa.