- •Foreword
- •Preface to the Fourth Edition
- •Contents
- •Instructions for Use
- •Bones
- •Sutures, joints and ligaments
- •Muscles
- •Muscles, synovial bursae and sheaths
- •Digestive system
- •Digestive and respiratory system
- •Urogenital system
- •Peritoneum
- •Endocrine glands
- •Heart
- •Veins
- •Lymphatic system
- •Spinal cord
- •Cranial nerves
- •Autonomic nervous system
- •Sense organs
- •Skin and its appendages
- •General terms
- •References
- •Index
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Lymphatic system |
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16 |
Right lymphatic duct (right thoracic duct). |
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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM. |
Systema lymphaticum. |
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Lymphatic vessels. Vasa lymphatica. |
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Ductus lymphaticus dexter (ductus thoracicus |
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dexter). It is formed by the union of the right |
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2 |
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Lymphatic capillary. Vas lymphocapillare. Any |
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jugular, subclavian |
and bronchomediastinal |
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of the vessels of the lymphatic system that |
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trunks. It may be absent. B |
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form closed networks and have permeable |
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Thoracic duct. Ductus thoracicus. Arises from |
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walls. C |
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the cisterna chyli a short distance below the di- |
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Lymphatic capillary network. Rete lympho- |
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aphragm, courses upward behind the aorta and |
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opens into the venous angle, i. e., the angle be- |
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capillare. Network of lymphocapillary veins. C |
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Lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum. Any of the |
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tween the left internal jugular and subclavian |
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veins. B |
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valvular lymphatic vessels that communicate |
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Arch of thoracic duct. Arcus ductus thoracici. |
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with the lymphocapillary vessels. Their thin |
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Arch formed by the thoracic duct before enter- |
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walls are sparsely lined with smooth muscles. C |
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ing the venous angle. B |
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Lymphatic plexus. Plexus lymphaticus. Net- |
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Cervical part. Pars |
cervicalis. Short cervical |
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work of lymphatic vessels lying deeper than |
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segment in front of C7. B |
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the lymphocapillary vessels. In the outer layers |
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Thoracic part. Pars thoracica. It begins at the |
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of the skin, it lies within and directly below the |
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aortic hiatus and ends at the upper margin of |
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corium. C |
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T1. B |
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7 Superficial lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum |
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Abdominal part. Pars abdominalis. Very short |
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superficiale. It is situated superficially on the |
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segment in front of L1. B |
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fascia of the limbs. |
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22 Cisterna chyli. Variable dilatation at the origin |
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Deep lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum pro- |
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of the thoracic duct. It receives the lumbar and |
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fundum. It lies beneath the fascia of the limbs |
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intestinal trunks. B |
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11 |
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and often, but not always, accompanies blood |
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23 Lymph node. Nodus lymphaticus (Lym- |
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vessels. |
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phonodus). Lymphoreticular filtering organ, 1− |
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12 |
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Lymphatic trunks. Trunci lymphatici. Five |
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25 mm in diameter, within the lymphatic ves- |
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main lymphatic branches of the lymph-vascu- |
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sels. Since lymph must usually traverse two |
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lar system. |
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lymph nodes before arriving in the blood |
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Right/left lumbar trunk. Truncus lumbaris |
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stream at the venous angle, there is double pro- |
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tection against the invasion of pathogens or |
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dexter/sinister. Main |
branch |
which |
brings |
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tumor cells into the blood stream. A |
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lymph to the cisterna chyli from the legs, pelvic |
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24 Afferent lymphatic vessels. Vas lymphaticum |
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viscera, urogenital system and parts |
of the |
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afferens. Any of the vessels that carry lymph to |
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abdominal wall and the abdominal viscera. B |
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a lymph node; located on the convex surface of |
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Intestinal trunks. Trunci intestinales. Main |
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the node. A |
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conduits which transport lymph to the cisterna |
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25 Efferent lymphatic vessel. Vas lymphaticum |
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chyli from the supply region of the superior and |
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efferens. Any of the vessels that carry lymph |
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inferior mesenteric arteries. B |
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away from a lymph node; located on the hilum |
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17 |
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Right/left bronchomediastinal trunk. Truncus |
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of the node. A |
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bronchomediastinalis dexter/sinistra. It col- |
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26 |
Cortex. Part of the lymphoreticular tissue pro- |
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lects lymph from the heart, lungs and medi- |
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ximal to the capsule. A |
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astinum. On the left |
side it |
opens into the |
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27 Medulla. Lymphoreticular tissue between cor- |
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thoracic duct, on the right side, the right lym- |
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tex and hilum. A |
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19 |
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phatic duct. Often, however, both may open |
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28 |
Hilum. Somewhat retracted area where blood |
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directly into the subclavian veins. B |
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20 |
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Right/left subclavian trunk. Truncus sub- |
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vessels enter and where blood and lymphatic |
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vessels exit. A |
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clavius dexter/sinister. Arises from the arm, ac- |
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Lymphatic nodule. |
Nodulus lymphaticus |
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companies the subclavian vein and usually |
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21 |
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(lymphonodulus). Spherical condensation of |
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opens on the right side into the right lymphatic |
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duct and on the left side into the angle between |
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lymphoreticular tissue predominantly occupy- |
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ing the cortex. It exhibits a lighter central area |
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22 |
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the left subclavian vein and internal jugular |
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(“reaction center”). A |
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vein. B |
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23 |
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Right/left jugular trunk. Truncus jugularis |
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dexter/sinister. Accompanies the internal jugu- |
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lar vein and passes to the angle between the in- |
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24 |
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ternal jugular and subclavian veins (venous |
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angle). B |
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25 |
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15 |
Lymphatic ducts. Ductus lymphatici. The main |
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drainage ducts of the lymphatic system. |
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Lymphatic system 255
24
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27 |
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19 18 |
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27 |
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14 |
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16 |
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14 |
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26 |
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13 |
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13 |
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29 |
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12 |
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12 |
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25 |
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ASection of lymph 28 node
21 |
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20 |
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3 |
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11 |
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22 |
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11 |
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10 |
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B Lymphatic vessels |
4 |
4 |
of the trunk
6
6
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22 |
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23
C Lymphatic vessels
of small intestine 24
25
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256 |
Lymphatic system |
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REGIONAL LYMPH NODES. Nodi lymphatici re- |
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Submental lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici sub- |
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gionales. |
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mentales. Nodes between the anterior bellies |
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2 Head and neck. Caput et collum. |
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of the digastric muscles. Afferents: middle of |
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2 |
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lower lip, floor of mouth and tip of tongue. |
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3 Occipital lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici occipi- |
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Efferents: deep cervical and submental lymph |
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3 |
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tales. One to three lymph nodes lying close to |
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nodes. B |
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the margin of the trapezius. Afferents: scalp, |
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Submandibular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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deep cervical muscles. Efferents: deep cervical |
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submandibulares. |
Nodes |
between |
the |
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4 |
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lymph nodes. A |
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mandible and submandibular gland that serve |
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4 Mastoid [retroauricular] lymph nodes. Nodi |
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as first and second filter stations. Direct affer- |
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lymphatici mastoidei [[retroauriculares]]. Usu- |
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ent area: inner canthus of eye, cheek, side of |
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ally two nodes on the mastoid process. Affer- |
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nose, upper lip, lateral lower lip, gingiva and |
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ents: posterior surface of pinna, posterior wall |
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anterior lateral margin of tongue. Indirect affer- |
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6 |
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of external acoustic meatus and corresponding |
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ents: facial and submental lymph nodes. Effer- |
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parts of scalp. Efferents: deep cervical lymph |
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ents: deep cervical lymph nodes. B |
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7 |
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nodes. A |
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17 |
Anterior cervical lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- |
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5 Superficial partodi lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
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ici cervicales anteriores. |
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phatici parotidei superficiales. They lie on the |
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Superficial (anterior jugular) lymph nodes. |
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parotid fascia in front of the tragus. Afferents: |
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Nodi lymphatici superficiales (jugulares anteri- |
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junction of temporal region and anterior sur- |
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ores). Nodes on the internal jugular vein. Affer- |
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face of pinna. Efferents: deep cervical lymph |
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ent region: skin of anterior side of neck. Effer- |
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nodes. A |
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ents: bilateral deep cervical lymph nodes. A |
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Deep parotid lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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Deep lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici profundi. |
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parotidei profundi. Group beneath the parotid |
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Anterior group. |
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11 |
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fascia. |
Afferents: |
tympanic |
cavity, |
external |
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19 a |
Infrahyoid lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici in- |
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acoustic meatus, frontotemporal region, eye- |
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lids, root of nose, and sometimes the posterior |
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frahyoidei. They lie in the midline below the |
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body of the hyoid bone. Afferent areas: larny- |
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floor of the nose and nasopharyngeal cavity. |
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geal vestibule, piriform recess and adjacent hy- |
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Efferents: deep cervical lymph nodes. A |
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popharynx. |
Efferents: deep |
cervical |
lymph |
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Preauricular |
lymph |
nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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13 |
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nodes. B |
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prae-auriculares. Group located in front of the |
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Prelaryngeal |
lymph |
nodes. |
Nodi |
lymphatici |
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pinna. A |
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14 |
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praelaryngeales3. Nodes on |
the |
cricothyroid |
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Infra-auricular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- |
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ligament. Afferent area: lower half of larynx. |
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ici infra-auriculares. Group beneath the pinna. |
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Efferents: deep cervical lymph nodes. B |
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15 |
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A |
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21 |
Thyroid lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici thyroidei. |
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Intraglandular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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Nodes on the thyroid gland. Efferents: as in 20. |
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intraglandulares. |
Group situated |
directly |
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B |
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within the parotid. A |
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22 |
Pretracheal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pre- |
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Facial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici faciales. |
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tracheales. Nodes in front of the trachea. Affer- |
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ent regions: trachea and larynx. Efferents: deep |
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Variable lymph nodes that receive lymph from |
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18 |
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the eyelids, nose and the rest of the face and |
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cervical lymph nodes. B |
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buccal |
mucosa. |
Efferents: |
submandibular |
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23 |
Paratracheal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici par- |
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lymph nodes. The vessels accompany the facial |
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atracheales. Nodes beside the trachea. Actions |
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artery. |
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19 |
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similar to those of 22. B |
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11 |
Buccinator |
node. |
[Nodus |
buccinatorius]. |
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23 a Retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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20 |
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Lymph node situated deep within the buccina- |
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retropharyngeales. Deep cervical lymph nodes |
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tor muscle. A |
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in front of the arch of the atlas. See p. 258.13 |
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21 |
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12 |
Nasolabial node. [Nodus nasolabialis]. Lymph |
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node located below the nasolabial fold. A |
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22 |
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13 |
Malar node. [Nodus malaris]. Superficial |
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lymph node of the cheek. |
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23 |
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14 Mandibular |
node. |
[Nodus |
mandibularis]. |
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Lymph node located on the mandible. A |
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14 a |
Lingual lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici lingu- |
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ales. Nodes located on the hyoglossus muscle. |
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They drain lymph from the lower surface and |
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lateral margin to tongue as well as the medial |
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anterior two-thirds of its dorsal surface. |
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Lymphatic system 257
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258.2 |
8 |
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9 |
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10 |
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11 |
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A Lymph nodes at surface of |
13 |
neck and head |
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16 |
14 |
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15 |
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15 |
16
19a 17
18
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20 20
21 |
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23 |
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22 |
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B Deep lymph nodes of neck |
24 |
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25 |
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258 |
Lymphatic system |
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Lateral cervical lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
17 |
Apical lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici apicales. |
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1 |
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1 |
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cervicales laterales. Groups of lymph nodes |
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Nodes medial to the axillary vein that extend |
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lateral to the neck which are classified as fol- |
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from the upper margin of the prectoralis minor |
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2 |
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lows. |
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to the apex of the axilla. Afferent areas: upper |
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2 |
Superficial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici su- |
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lateral part of the breast and all remaining axil- |
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lary lymph nodes. Efferents: (left) subclavian |
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3 |
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perficiales. Nodes on the external jugular vein. |
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trunk to the thoracic duct or subclavian vein; |
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Afferent regions: lower pinna and area below |
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(right) into the vein directly or after joining the |
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the parotid. Efferents: deep cervical lymph |
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4 |
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jugular trunk. C |
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nodes. See p. 257 A |
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18 |
Brachial lymph |
nodes. Nodi |
lymphatici |
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3 |
Superior deep lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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5 |
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brachiales. Nodes along the axillary artery that |
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profundi superiores. Nodes that form the sec- |
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drain lymph from the arm. C |
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ond filter station for almost all of the head |
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19 |
Subscapular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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6 |
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lymph nodes but also receive direct peripheral |
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tributaries from their surroundings. Efferents: |
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subscapulares. Nodes alongside the subscapu- |
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7 |
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jugular trunk. A |
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lar artery that drain lymph from the posterior |
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4 |
Lateral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici laterales. |
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thorax and shoulder as well as from the lower |
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nuchal region. C |
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8 |
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They lie lateral to the internal jugular vein. A |
20 |
Pectoral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pec- |
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5 |
Anterior lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici anteri- |
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torales. Nodes along the lateral margin of the |
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9 |
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ores. Group of lymph nodes in front of the in- |
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pectoralis minor that drain lymph from the |
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ternal jugular vein. A |
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anterior and lateral wall of the trunk as far as |
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6 Jugulodigastric node. Nodus jugulodigastricus. It |
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the navel, as well as the central and lateral part |
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10 |
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of the breast. C |
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is the most cranial of the deep cervical nodes |
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Central lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici cen- |
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and is palpable when the tonsil, tongue or |
21 |
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11 |
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pharynx is inflamed. A |
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trales. Nodes in the fat of the axillar that filter |
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lymph from the brachial, subscapular and pec- |
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7 |
Inferior deep cervical lymph nodes. Nodi |
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toral lymph nodes. C |
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12 |
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lymphatici profundi inferiores. They form the |
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22 |
Interpectoral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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second filter station for the lymph nodes of the |
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cervical viscera and the last filter station for the |
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interpectorales. Small group of nodes situated |
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13 |
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lymph nodes of the head. They also receive |
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between the pectoralis major and minor. Affer- |
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direct tributaries. Efferents: jugular trunk. |
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ent area: mammary gland. Efferents: apical |
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14 |
8 |
Jugulo-omohyoid node. Nodus juguloomohy- |
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lymph nodes. C |
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23 |
Deltopectoral |
(infraclavicular) |
lymph |
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oideus. Node between the omohyoid muscle |
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15 |
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and internal jugular vein. Afferent area: tongue. |
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nodes. Nodi lymphatici deltopectorales (infra- |
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A |
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claviculares). Nodes on the cephalic vein in the |
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9 Lateral lymphatic nodes. Nodi lymphatici later- |
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deltopectoral groove that receive lymph from |
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16 |
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the arm. C |
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ales. They lie lateral to the internal jugular vein. |
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24 |
Brachial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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A |
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17 |
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10 |
Anterior lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici anteri- |
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brachiales. Single lymph nodes along the |
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brachial vessels. |
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ores. Group in front of the internal jugular vein. |
25 |
Cubital lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici cubi- |
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18 |
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A |
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11 |
Supraclavicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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tales. One or two lymph nodes on the brachial |
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artery in the cubital fossa. C |
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19 |
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supraclaviculares. Nodes of the same group lo- |
26 Supratrochlear lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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cated above the clavicle. A |
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supratrochlearis. Nodes that lie medial to the |
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20 |
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12 |
Accessory nodes. Nodi accessorii. |
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basilic vein and above the elbow joint. C |
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13 |
Retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
27 |
Superficial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici su- |
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21 |
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phatici retropharyngeales. Deep cervical lymph |
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perficiales. |
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nodes at the level of the lateral mass of the atlas |
28 Deep lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici profundi. |
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22 |
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and at the lateral margin of the longus capitis |
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Individual lymph nodes that follow the course |
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muscle. A B |
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of the deep lymphatic vessels. |
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2314 Upper limb. Membrum superius.
15 Axillary lymphatic plexus. Plexus lymphaticus
24axillaris. Netlike connections of 20−30 axillary lymph nodes via their lymphatic vessels. C
2516 Axillary lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici axillares. Nodes in the axilla. C
Lymphatic system |
259 |
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6 |
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1 |
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2 |
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3 |
13
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6 |
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7 |
5 |
8 |
9 |
13 |
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9 |
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11 |
10 |
10 |
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11 |
A Deep lymph nodes of neck
12
13
14
15
16
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B |
Neck, anterior view |
17 |
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18 |
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18 15 |
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20 |
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23 |
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C Lymph nodes of arm, axilla and chest |
24 |
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25
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260 |
Lymphatic system |
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Thorax. |
13 |
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
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1 |
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1 |
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2 |
PARAMAMMARY LYMPH NODES. Nodi lym- |
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phatici tracheobronchiales. Group located |
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along the bronchi at the site where they enter |
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phatici paramammarii. Lymph nodes on the |
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2 |
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into the lungs. C |
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lateral margin of the mammary gland. A |
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3 |
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3 |
Parasternal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
14 |
Superior tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Nodi |
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parasternales. Nodes located along the course |
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lymphatici tracheobronchiales superiores. |
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of the internal thoracic vessels. Afferent re- |
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Group situated cranially on the stem bronchi |
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and the trachea. C |
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4 |
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gions: mammary gland, intercostal spaces, part |
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of the liver and diaphragm. Efferents: either |
15 Inferior tracheobronchial lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
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5 |
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directly into the respective subclavian vein or |
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phatici tracheobronchiales inferiores. Group lo- |
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internal jugular vein or into the thoracic duct or |
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cated caudal to the tracheal bifurcation. C |
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subclavian trunk. A |
16 Paratracheal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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6 |
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4 |
Intercostal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici in- |
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paratracheales. Group situated along the tra- |
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tercostales. Nodes located in the paravertebral |
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chea. C |
7 |
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portion of the intercostal spaces. Afferent area: |
17 Node of arch of azygos vein. [Nodus arcus |
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pleura and intercostal spaces. D |
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5 |
Paravertebral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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venae azygos]. Lymph node occasionally pre- |
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8 |
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sent at the arch which the azygos vein forms |
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praevertebrales.3 Nodes located between the |
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around the hilum of the right lung before join- |
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esophagus and vertebral column. Afferent re- |
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ing the superior vena cava. B |
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9 |
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gions: surroundings, if not drained by other |
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vessels. C D |
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10 |
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6 Superior phrenic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- |
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ici phrenici superiores. Nodes situated behind |
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11 |
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the cartilage-bone boundary of the 7th rib at the |
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site where the aorta opens into the diaphragm |
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and along the inferior vena cava. Afferent areas: |
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12 |
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liver and diaphragm. D |
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7 Prepericardial lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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prepericardiales. Nodes located between the |
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13 |
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sternum and pericardium. Afferent regions: |
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sternum and anterior pericardium. Efferents: |
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14 |
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parasternal lymph nodes. B |
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8Lateral pericardial lymph nodes. Nodi lym-
15phatici pericardiales laterales. Nodes found between the pericardium and mediastinal pleura. B
169 Anterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici mediastinales anteriores. Nodes along
17the brachiocephalic veins, in front of the arch of the aorta and its branches. Afferent regions: thymus, pericardium and parasternal lymph
18nodes. Efferents: bronchomediastinal trunk. B
10 Ligamentum arteriosum node. [Nodus liga-
19menti arteriosi]. Node occasionally found along the lig. arteriosum. B
2011 Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici mediastinales posteriores. Nodes sit-
21uated in the superior and posterior mediastinum. They receive lymph from the following organs: lungs, bronchi, trachea, esophagus,
22pericardium, diaphragm and diaphragmatic surface of the liver. They pass efferent vessels to the thoracic and bronchomediastinal ducts. The
23posterior mediastinal lymph nodes are subdivided into the following groups.
2412 Pulmonary juxtaesophageal lymph nodes.
Nodi lymphatici juxtaoesophageales pul-
25monales. Group situated beside the esophagus; they serve the lungs. C
Lymphatic system 261
9
17 |
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10 |
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8 |
7 |
9
B Lymph nodes in thorax
4
5
6
3
2
A Lymph nodes of arm, axilla and thorax
16 |
14 |
12
15
13
5
C Lymph nodes in thorax
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
D Lymph nodes in thorax |
23 |
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24 |
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25 |
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262 |
Lymphatic system |
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1 |
Abdomen − parietal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
16 |
[Anulus lymphaticus cardiae]. Lymphatic ring |
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1 |
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phatici parietales. Lymph nodes in the abdom- |
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occasionally present around the cardia of the |
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inal wall. |
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stomach. C |
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2 |
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17 |
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2 |
Left lumbar lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
Gastro-omental lymph nodes [right and left]. |
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lumbales (lumbares) sinistri. Nodes situated |
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Nodi lymphatici gastro-omentales [dextri/sin- |
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3 |
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along the abdominal aorta. They mainly serve |
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istri]. Nodes located along the course of the |
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as secondary filter stations for lymph nodes lo- |
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right and left gastro-omental arteries at the |
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cated further below, but also as primary filter |
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greater curvature of the stomach. Their affer- |
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4 |
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stations for the suprarenal gland, kidney, ure- |
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ents receive lymph from the stomach and the |
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ter, testis, ovary, uterine tubes, fundus of uterus |
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greater omentum and their efferents convey |
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and abdominal wall. Efferents: primarily into |
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lymph along the right side to the lymph nodes |
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5 |
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the lumbar trunk. They can be divided into the |
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of the liver and along the left side to the lymph |
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following three groups. |
|
nodes of the spleen and pancreas. C |
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6 |
3 |
Lateral aortic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
18 |
Pyloric lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pylorici. |
||
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aortici laterales. Group on the left side of the |
|
Situated around the pylorus. Their efferents |
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aorta. A |
|
drain into the hepatic or celiac lymph nodes. |
74 Pre-aortic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici 19 Suprapyloric node. [Nodus suprapyloricus].
|
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|
preaortici. Group situated in front of the aorta. A |
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Node situated above the pylorus. C |
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8 |
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20 |
Subpyloric nodes. [Nodi subpylorici]. Nodes |
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5 |
Postaortic lymph |
nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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|
situated caudal to the pylorus. C |
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postaortici. This group lies between the aorta |
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9 |
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and vertebral column. A |
21 |
Retropyloric |
nodes. |
[Nodi |
retropylorici]. |
|||
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|
6 Intermediate lumbar lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
|
Group of nodes located dorsal to the pylorus. C |
|||||||
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22 |
Pancreatic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pan- |
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10 |
|
|
phatici lumbales (lumbares) intermedii. Group |
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|
situated between the aorta and inferior vena |
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creatici. Situated along the upper and lower |
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cava. They function as described in 2−A |
|
margins of the pancreas. Their efferent vessels |
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11 |
7 |
Right lumbar lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
|
convey lymph to the |
splenic |
lymph |
nodes, |
||||
|
mesenteric |
lymph nodes and pancreati- |
|||||||||
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lumbales (lumbares) dextri. Group situated |
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coduodenal lymph nodes. |
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12 |
|
|
along the inferior vena cava. They function as de- |
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23 |
Superior pancreatic lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
||||||||
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|
scribed in (2) and are subdivided into the follow- |
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|
ing three groups. |
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phatici pancreatici superiores. Group of nodes |
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|||||||
13 |
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|
located along the upper margin of the pancreas. |
||||||
8 |
Lateral caval lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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|
|
A C |
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|||||
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|
cavales laterales. Nodes on the right side of the |
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14 |
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|
24 |
Inferior pancreatic lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
|||||||
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|
inferior vena cava. A |
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|
phatici pancreatici inferiores. Group of nodes lo- |
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|
9 |
Precaval lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici pre- |
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|
|
cated along the lower margin of the pancreas. A C |
||||||||
15 |
|
|
cavales.Nodessituatedinfrontofthevenacava.A |
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|
25 |
Splenic (lienal) lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
||||||||
|
10 |
Postcaval lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
|||||||||
|
|
|
splenici (lienales). Nodes near the hilum of the |
||||||||
16 |
|
|
postcavales. Nodes |
located behind the vena |
|
spleen that convey their lymph to the celiac |
|||||
|
|
cava. A |
|
|
lymph nodes. A C |
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||||
17 |
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11 |
Inferior phrenic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
26 |
Pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
||||||
|
|
phrenici inferiores. Nodes situated along the |
|
phatici pancreaticoduodenales. Small nodes be- |
|||||||
|
|
|
inferior surface of the diaphragm near the aor- |
|
tween the pancreas and duodenum. Afferent re- |
||||||
18 |
|
|
tic opening. A C |
|
|
gions: duodenum and pancreas. |
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|||
|
12 |
Inferior epigastric lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
27 |
Superior |
pancreaticoduodenal |
lymph |
|||||
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||||||||||
19 |
|
|
phatici epigastrici inferiores. Three or four |
|
nodes. Nodi lymphatici pancreaticoduodenales |
||||||
|
|
nodes along the inferior epigastric artery that |
|
superiores. Cranially situated group of nodes. |
|||||||
20 |
|
|
receive lymph from its supply area. B |
|
Efferents: hepatic nodes. C |
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|
||||
|
13 |
Visceral nodes. Abdomen − nodi lymphatici |
28 |
Inferior pancreaticoduodenal lymph nodes. |
|||||||
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|
|
viscerales. Lymph nodes of the abdominal |
|
Nodi lymphatici pancreaticoduodenales inferi- |
||||||
21 |
|
|
viscera. |
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ores. Caudal group of lymph nodes. Efferents: |
|||||
|
14 Celiac lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici coeliaci. |
|
mesenteric lymph nodes. C |
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29 |
Hepatic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici hepat- |
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22 |
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|
Nodes situated the celiac trunk. They form the |
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|
|
secondary filter station for the stomach, |
|
ici. Nodes situated near the hilum of the liver and |
|||||||
|
|
|
duodenum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas and |
|
in the hepatoduodenal ligament. Their lymph is |
||||||
23 |
|
|
spleen.Efferents:someformtheintestinaltrunk, |
|
taken partly from the liver, partly from adjacent |
||||||
|
|
some pass directly into the cisterna chyli. A C |
|
lymph nodes and transported to the celiac |
|||||||
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||||||||
24 |
|
15 Gastric lymph nodes [right and left].Nodilym- |
|
lymph nodes. |
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30 |
Cystic node. Nodus cysticus. Larger lymph node |
|||||||||
|
|
phatici gastrici [dextri/sinistri]. From the lesser |
|||||||||
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|
|
curvature of the stomach, they follow the course |
|
near the neck of the gallbladder. C |
|
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25 |
|
|
of the right and left gastric arteries. Afferent re- |
31 |
Foraminal node. Nodus foraminalis. Larger |
||||||
|
|
|
gion: stomach. Efferents: celiac lymph nodes. C |
|
lymph node near the epiploic foramen. C |
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Lymphatic system |
263 |
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11 |
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1 |
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14 |
23 |
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25 |
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2 |
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9 |
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3 |
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6 |
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4 |
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4 |
24 |
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5 |
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10 |
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3 |
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6 |
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7 |
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8 |
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5 |
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8 |
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12 |
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9 |
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9 |
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10 |
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11 |
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12 |
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B Anterior abdominal wall from behind |
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13 |
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A Deep lymph nodes at abdominal cavity |
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14 |
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15 |
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16 |
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16 |
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17 |
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11 |
25 |
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18 |
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15 |
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14 |
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23 |
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19 |
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20 |
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30 |
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21 |
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31 |
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21 |
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19 |
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20 |
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24 |
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22 |
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27 |
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23 |
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28 |
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17 |
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||||
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C |
Lymph nodes in |
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24 |
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upper abdomen
25
|
264 |
Lymphatic system |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
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|
|
Mesenteric lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
|
15 |
Common iliac lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
||||||
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
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|
|
mesenterici. Numerous (100−150) lymph nodes |
|
|
iliaci communes. Group of nodes situated |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
important for the prevention of lipidemia. Their |
|
|
along the internal iliac vein. They serve as the |
|||||
2 |
|
|
|
|
efferent vessels drain lymph via the celiac lymph |
|
|
second station for the lymph nodes of the |
|||||
|
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|
|
|
nodes. |
|
|
|
|
|
pelvic organs, (= pelvic), interior pelvic wall, |
||
3 |
|
2 |
|
Juxtaintestinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
|
|
abdominal wall up to the navel, hip muscles, |
||||||
|
|
|
|
and gluteal muscles. Efferents: lumbar lymph |
|||||||||
|
|
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|
|
juxtaintestinales. |
Subgroup |
of |
mesenteric |
|
|
nodes and lumbar trunk. Individually, the fol- |
||
|
|
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|
|
lymph nodes located close to the small intestine. |
|
|
||||||
4 |
|
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|
|
lowing subgroups are distinguished. |
||||||
|
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|
||||
|
3 |
|
Superior [central] lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
|
16 |
Medial common iliac lymph nodes. Nodi |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
5 |
|
|
|
|
phatici superiores [centrales]. Subgroup of |
|
|
lymphatici iliaci communes mediales. Sub- |
|||||
|
|
|
|
mesenteric lymph nodes located near the stem |
|
|
group situated medial to the vascular cord. B |
||||||
6 |
|
|
|
|
of the superior mesenteric artery. A |
|
17 |
Intermediate common iliac lymph nodes. |
|||||
|
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|
|
|
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|
|||||
|
4 |
|
Ileocolic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici ileo- |
|
|
Nodi lymphatici iliaci communes intermedii. |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
colici. Group of nodes situated along the ileocolic |
|
|
Subgroup |
situated between the medial and |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
lateral groups behind the vascular cord. B |
||||||
7 |
|
|
|
|
artery. Efferents: celiac lymph nodes. A |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
Lateral common iliac lymph nodes. Nodi |
|||||||
|
|
5 |
|
Prececal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici precae- |
|
||||||||
|
|
|
|
lymphatici iliaci communes laterales. Sub- |
|||||||||
8 |
|
|
|
|
cales. Nodes situated along the anterior cecal |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
group located lateral to the vascular cord. B |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
artery. A |
|
|
|
|
19 |
Subaortic common iliac lymph nodes. Nodi |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
9 |
|
6 |
|
Retrocecal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici ret- |
|
|
lymphatici iliaci communes subaortici. Sub- |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
rocaecales. They situated along the posterior |
|
|
group located caudal to the aortic bifurcation |
|||||
10 |
|
|
|
|
cecal artery. A |
|
|
|
|
|
in front of L4. B |
|
|
|
7 |
|
Appendicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
|
20 |
Promontory common iliac lymph nodes. |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
Nodi lymphatici iliaci communes promontorii. |
||||||||
11 |
|
|
|
|
appendiculares. Nodes situated along the ap- |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subgroup situated in front of the promontory. B |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
pendicular artery. They are absent in 33−50% of |
|
|
|||||||
12 |
|
|
|
|
cases. A |
|
|
|
|
21 |
External iliac lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici il- |
||
|
|
8 Mesocolic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici me- |
|
|
iaci externi. Group of nodes located along the |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
external iliac vessels. They are the first lymph |
||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
socolici. Nodes for the greater part of the colon. |
|
|
station for a part of the urinary bladder and |
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
13 |
|
|
|
|
Predominantly located in the mesocolon. Their |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
vagina, and second lymph station for the ingui- |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
efferents convey |
lymph to the |
celiac lymph |
|
|
nal lymph nodes. Efferents: common iliac |
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
14 |
|
|
|
|
nodes. |
|
|
|
|
|
lymph nodes. They are divided into the follow- |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
|
9 |
Paracolic lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici para- |
|
|
ing groups. |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
22 |
Medial external iliac lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
|||||||||
15 |
|
|
|
|
colici. Subgroup of mesocolic lymph nodes lo- |
|
|||||||
|
|
|
|
cated along the colon. A |
|
|
|
|
phatici iliaci externi mediales. Group located |
||||
16 |
|
10 |
|
Right/middle/left colic lymph nodes. Nodi |
|
|
medial to the vascular cord. B |
||||||
|
|
|
23 |
Intermediate external iliac lymph nodes. |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
lymphatici colici |
[dextri/medii/sinistri]. Sub- |
|
|
Nodi lymphatici iliaci externi intermedii. Group |
||||
|
|
|
|
|
group of mesocolic lymph nodes situated along |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
located between the lateral and medial groups |
||||||
17 |
|
|
|
|
the stems of the right, middle and left colic ar- |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
and behind the artery. B |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
teries. A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
Lateral external iliac lymph nodes. Nodi |
|||
|
11 |
|
Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
lymphatici |
iliaci externi |
laterales. Group lo- |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
phatici mesenterici inferiores. Nodes located |
|
|
cated lateral to the vascular bundle. B |
|||||
19 |
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intermedius]. When present, it lies in the |
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moidei. Nodes |
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Interiliac |
external iliac |
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ici rectales superiores. Nodes |
located along |
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and external iliac arteries. B |
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Obturator external iliac lymph nodes. Nodi |
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phatici parietales. Lymph nodes along the |
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lymphatici iliaci externi obturatorii. Group lo- |
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wall of pelvis. |
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Lymphatic system 265
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A Lymph nodes |
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B Lymph nodes |
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along pelvic vessels |
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25
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266 |
Lymphatic system |
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1 Internal iliac lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici ili- |
17 |
Inferior lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici inferi- |
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1 |
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aci interni. Located along the internal iliac |
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ores. Group arranged along a vertical line at the |
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artery; they drain the pelvic organs, the deep |
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proximal end of the great saphenous vein. They |
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2 |
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perineal region and both the external and inter- |
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drain the superficial lymphatic vessels of the |
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nal walls of the pelvis. Their efferents com- |
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leg. B |
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3 |
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municate with the common iliac lymph nodes. |
18 Deep inguinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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2 |
Superior gluteal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- |
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inguinales profundi. Positioned below the fas- |
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ici gluteales superiores. Nodes for the pelvic |
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cia lata at the level of the saphenous hiatus. The |
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4 |
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wall located at the superior gluteal artery. A |
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uppermost node can be especially large and |
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3 |
Inferior gluteal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphat- |
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may occupy the femoral canal (Rosenmüller’s |
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node). Afferent region: deep lymphatic vessels |
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5 |
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ici gluteales inferiores. Nodes for the prostate |
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of the leg. Efferents: external iliac lymph nodes. |
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and proximal urethra are situated along the in- |
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B |
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ferior gluteal artery. A |
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6 |
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19 Superficial popliteal lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
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4 |
Sacral lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici sacrales. |
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phatici popliteales superficiales. They lie at the |
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7 |
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Nodes for the prostate and cervix found along |
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proximal end of the small saphenous vein and |
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the sacrum. A |
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receive lymph from the lateral margin of the |
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5 Visceral nodes of pelvis. Pelvis − nodi lympha- |
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foot and calf. Their efferents pass anteriorly |
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8 |
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tici viscerales. |
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through the hiatus tendineus into the deep in- |
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6 |
Perivesicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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guinal lymph nodes. C |
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20 Deep popliteal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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9 |
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paravesiculares. Nodes for the urinary bladder |
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popliteales |
profundi. Situated between the |
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and partly also for the prostate located along |
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knee joint |
capsule and the popliteal artery. |
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the bladder. A |
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10 |
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They receive lymph from the posterior side of |
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7 |
Prevesicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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the lower leg and their efferents convey it ante- |
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11 |
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prevesiculares. Subgroup located between the |
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riorly through the hiatus tendineus to the deep |
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urinary bladder and symphysis. A |
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inguinal lymph nodes. C |
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8 |
Postvesicular lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
21 Anterior tibial node. [Nodus tibialis anterior]. |
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postvesiculares. Subgroup behind the urinary |
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Lymph node occasionally present along the |
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bladder. A |
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anterior tibial artery. |
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9 |
Lateral vesicular lymph nodes. Nodi lym- |
22 |
Posterior tibial node. [Nodus tibialis poste- |
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13 |
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rior]. Lymph node occasionally present along |
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phatici vesiculares laterales. Nodes situated at |
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the lower end of the medial − formerly lateral − |
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the posterior tibial artery. |
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umbilical ligament. A |
23 Fibular node. [Nodus fibularis]. Lymph node |
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10 |
Parauterine lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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occasionally present along the peroneal (fibu- |
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15 |
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lar) artery. |
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parauterini. Nodes for the cervix uteri situated |
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beside the uterus. A |
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16 |
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Paravaginal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici |
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paravaginales. Located beside the vagina; they |
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drain lymph from part of this organ. A |
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17 |
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Pararectal (anorectal) lymph nodes. Nodi |
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lymphatici pararectales (anorectales). Located |
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18lateral to the musculature of the rectum; they drain this organ and a part of the vagina. A
1913 Lower limb. Membrum inferius.
14 Superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Nodi lym-
20phatici inguinales superficiales. Group of nodes located in the subcutaneous adipose tissue, thus on the fascia lata. They drain the anus, per-
21ineum, external genitalia, abdominal wall and surface of the leg. Efferents: external iliac
22lymph node.
15 Superomedial superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici superomediales. Me- 23 dial portion of the group of nodes located along
the inguinal ligament. B
24 16 Superolateral superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Nodi lymphatici superolaterales. Lateral 25 portion of group located below the inguinal
ligament. B
Lymphatic system 267
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A Lymph nodes in the female pelvis
1
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5
6
7
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9
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11
12
13
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B Lymph nodes in the inguinal region |
C Lymph nodes in the popliteal fossa |
21 |
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22
23
24
25
268 Spleen, meninges
1SPLEEN. Splen (lien). Lymphoreticular organ 1 within the circulatory system. Actions: phagocytosis and destruction of red blood cells,
2lymphopoiesis, blood filtration and synthesis of antibodies. A B
3 |
2 Accessory spleen. [Splen accessorius]. Small is- |
lands of splenic tissue mostly in the greater |
omentum or gastrosplenic ligament.
43 Diaphragmatic surface. Facies diaphragmatica. Convex surface facing the diaphragm.
54 Visceral surface. Facies visceralis. Concave surface facing the viscera. A
6 |
5 |
Renal surface. Facies renalis. Lower surface in |
|
contact with the kidney. A |
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6 Gastric surface. Facies gastrica. Upper surface
7in contact with the stomach. A
7Colic surface. Facies colica. Surface in contact
8with the colon. A
8Posterior end. Extremitas posterior. A
99 Anterior end. Extremitas anterior. A
|
10 |
Upper margin. Margo superior. Border be- |
10 |
|
tween gastric and diaphragmatic surfaces. A |
11 |
Lower margin. Margo inferior. Border between |
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diaphragmatic and renal surfaces. A |
11 |
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12 |
Hilum of spleen. Hilum spenicum. Entry and |
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exit site of vessels between the gastric and |
12 |
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renal surfaces. A |
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13 |
Peritoneal covering. Tunica serosa. B |
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1314 Connective tissue capsule of spleen. Tunica fibrosa. B
15 Trabeculae of spleen. Trabeculae splenicae
14[lienales]. Connective tissue partitions penetrating into the spleen from the hilum and cap-
15sule and containing blood vessels. B
16 |
Splenic pulp. Pulpa splenica [lienalis]. It com- |
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16 |
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prises white pulp (lymphoreticular tissue in |
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form of arterial sheaths) and red pulp (venous |
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sinuses with erythrocytes, reticular tissue). B |
17 |
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17 |
Splenic sinus. Sinus splenica [lienalis]. Thin- |
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walled venous spaces with multiple anasto- |
18 |
moses situated in the red pulp. B |
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18Splenic [lienal] branches. Rami splenica [lienales]. Branches formed by the splenic artery
19 |
before entering the spleen. |
19 Penicilli. Brush-like arterial branches between
20the nodular arteries (in white pulp) and capillaries (or ”sheathed capillaries”). B
2120 Lymphatic nodules (follicles) of spleen.
Foliculi lymphatici splenici [lienales] (lymphonoduli splenici). Spherical or cylindrical ag-
22gregations of lymphoreticular tissue around an artery (Malpighian corpuscle). They are visible
23to the naked eye. B
24
25
21NERVOUS SYSTEM. Systema nervosum.
22MENINGES. Connective tissue sheaths surrounding the central nervous system: dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.
23Cranial dura mater [[Pachymeninx]]. Dura mater cranialis (encephali). Tough fibrous sheet forming a supporting capsule for the brain and at the same time forming the periosteum for the inner aspect of the skull. E
24Falx cerebri. Sickle-shaped part of the dura projecting downward into the longitudinal cerebral fissure. C
25Tentorium cerebelli. Dural sheet spreading out between the ridge of the petrous part of the temporal bone and the transverse sinus. It supports the occipital lobes. C
26Tentorial notch. Incisura tentorii. Opening in the tentorium cerebelli for passage of the brainstem. C
27Falx cerebelli. Small, sickle-shaped dural sheet between the right and left cerebellar hemispheres. C
28Diaphragma sellae. Small horizontal sheet of dura spreading out between the clinoid processes above the hypophysis. C
29Cavitas trigeminalis (Cavum trigeminale).
Outpocketing of the dura enclosing the trigeminal ganglion. C
30Subdural space. Spatium subdurale. Capillary space between the dura and arachnoid. It may be distended, for example, due to hemorrhage. E
31Spinal dura mater. Dura mater spinalis. It is separated from the wall of the vertebral canal by an epidural space. D
32External filum terminale. Filum terminale externum (durale). Filamentous end of the dura mater fused with the filum terminale. It extends from S2−3 to Co 2.
33Epidural space. Spatium epidurale (peridurale). Space between the spinal dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal. It is filled with fat and venous plexuses. D
Spleen, meninges 269
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C Falx of cerebrum and tentorium of cerebellum
23 |
30 |
D Spinal meninges
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E Cranial meninges
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270 |
Meninges |
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1 |
Cranial arachnoid. Arachnoidea mater cranialis |
13 |
Spinal arachnoid. Arachnoidea mater spinalis. |
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1 |
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(encephali). Thin, avascular membrane attach- |
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Thin avascular membrane attached to the dura |
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ing to the cranial dura only by surface adhesion |
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mater by surface adhesion and to the pia mater |
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2 |
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and communicating with the pia mater by con- |
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by its connective tissue fibers. A |
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nective tissue fibers. D |
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14 |
Subarachnoid |
space. |
Spatium |
sub- |
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3 |
2 |
Subarachnoid |
space. |
Spatium |
sub- |
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arachnoideum. Space between the flat part of |
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arachnoideum. Space between flat portion of |
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the arachnoid and the pia mater. It is filled with |
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arachnoid and pia mater. It is filled with |
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arachnoidal connective tissue fibers and cere- |
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4 |
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arachnoidal connective tissue fibers and cere- |
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brospinal fluid. A |
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brospinal fluid. D |
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Cerebrospinal |
fluid. Liquor cerebrospinalis. |
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5 |
3 |
Cerebrospinal |
fluid. Liquor cerebrospinalis. |
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Fluid secreted predominantly by the choroid |
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plexus. It is protein-poor and has a cell content |
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Protein-poor fluid secreted by the choroid |
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plexus with a cell content of 2−6 per mm. It |
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of 2−6 per mm. |
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6flows into the subarachnoid space through openings in the fourth ventricle.
7 4 Subarachnoid cisterns. Cisternae subarachnoideae. Expansions of the subarachnoid
space containing cerebrospinal fluid.
8
5Cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna).
Cisterna cerebellomedullaris (magna). Space
9between the cerebellum and medulla oblongata filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It com-
10municates with the fourth ventricle by a median aperture. It is accessible through the foramen magnum. B
116 Cisterna of lateral fossa of cerebrum. Cisterna fossae lateralis cerebri. Space between the in-
12sula, temporal, frontal and parietal lobes. It is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and is accessible through the lateral sulcus. It contains branches
13of the middle cerebral and insular arteries. C
7 Chiasmatic cistern. Cisterna chiasmatica. En-
14larged space around the optic chiasma filled with cerebrospinal fluid. B
158 Interpeduncular cistern. Cisterna interpeduncularis. Space situated behind the chiasmatic cistern and bordered laterally by the
16temporal lobe and the cerebral crura. It is filled
with cerebrospinal fluid and contains the
17oculomotor nerve, branches of the basilar artery, the origin of the superior cerebellar
artery and the posterior cerebral artery. B
18
9 Ambient cistern. Cisterna ambiens. Enlarged cerebrospinal fluid-filled space lateral to the
19cerebral crus. It contains the posterior cerebral artery, superior cerebellar artery, basal vein
20(Rosenthal’s) and the trochlear nerve. F
10Cisterna pericallosa. Space filled with cerebrospinal fluid along the corpus callosum. F
2111 Pontocerebellar cistern. Cisterna pontocerebellaris. Expanded space in the cerebellopon-
22tine angle filled with cerebrospinal fluid. It communicates with the 4th ventricle by a
23lateral aperture. E
12 Arachnoid granulations. Granulationes arachnoideae. Avascular, villous-like outpock-
24etings of the subarachnoid space into the sagittal sinus and diploic veins. They are more pro-
25nounced after the tenth year of life and are concerned in the excretion of cerebrospinal fluid. D
Meninges 271
13
14
A Spinal meninges
6
C Cerebrum, lateral view
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B Sagittal section with choroid plexus
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12
2
1
D Meninges
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Pontocerebellar cistern |
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System of cisterns in sagittal plane |
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