rybina_ea_i_dr_angliiskii_iazyk_dlia_magistrov_i_aspirantov

51

14.Were it possible to cool natural gas to very low temperatures, we should be able to transport a greater volume of gas.

15.Oil finds such wide and varied application in our life that it might be called “black gold”.

16.Capping a well on fire would be justified if toxic gases (H2S) were produced.

17.If you had read the article, you would have known much interesting about the use of this method.

18.The drilling engineers wished a new oil-based mud were developed at the research institute.

19.It is necessary that oil fields be developed by means of modern technology.

20.It was important that the natural oil flow should be controlled after the bore-hole was drilled.

21.If plants and animals hadn’t decomposed under the influence of pressure and high temperatures millions of years ago, we might not find the main types of fuel we use nowadays.

22.If we didn’t use the new methods of oil and gas production, its cost could be very high.

23.It is imperative that the drillers be given the necessary information about the characteristics of the formation to be drilled.

24.As the hole deepens it is necessary that new length of drill pipe to be added.

25.If the equipment had been repaired in time, the operators should have begun the work long ago.

б) гражданское строительство

1.If it were possible to have a bird’s-eye view of Western Siberia, one would see that it is in reality a colossal construction site.

2.The realization of the program for capital construction would be possible if industrial methods of work were used, if construction work were turned into a mechanized process of erection in which buildings and other structures are made of prefabricated parts.

3.It is important that the architect should possess a good knowledge of all methods of construction.

4.Both the design and the construction should be confined to those specialist engineers who have had experience in it.

5.Sometimes the ends of beams in structures are built-in but not enough that the beam might be considered fixed.

6.If a beam lied on more than two supports, it would be called a

“continuous beam”.

52

7.If a design calls for the use of a crane, it is highly desirable that the load should be of the same order of weight.

8.It is essential that the full depth of sections be consolidated while all the concrete is unset.

9.Economic design requires planning so that erection difficulties be considered, foreseen and minimized.

10.The contractor should at the outset also be aware of all the subcontractors so that the best sequence would be secured.

11.It is essential that where good quality concrete is required, weight batching should be adopted.

12.Lest the structure should fail, attention should be paid to observing technical conditions.

13.Should the flow of materials be interfered, the work on the site would

stop.

14.If we used the right water concrete ratio, we should obtain concrete of high strength and durability.

15.If perlite were made of sand then its weight would be reduced to 40-100 kg/cu. m.

16.For a uniform standard of mix it is important that the time of mixing be kept constant throughout the work.

17.It is required that a non – loadbearing wall keep the rain and the wind out of the building.

18.In most cases it is important that structural materials should be hard, durable, fire resistant and easily fastened together.

19.If anyone went around Manhattan by boat, he would have to pass under twenty different bridges, many of them very large.

20.There are many possible distributions of soil settlement with depth, which could be considered, depending on the variation of soil modulus and the type of loading.

21.If supercooled water in a porous system began to freeze both in a fine pore and in a large pore the growth of the crystal in a small pore would be limited only by the pore space.

22.The above discussion suggests two experiments, which could be performed to give a quantitative test of the mechanism of frost action.

23.A thorough knowledge of chemistry to deal with corrosion phenomena of building materials, however, would be insufficient since the corrosion of concrete is a highly complex process.

24.It would be a very difficult task to list all potential corrosion phenomena that may occur as a result of the interaction between the attacking substance and the concrete.

25.There are no cement–hydrate compounds that would be used to produce building elements that that are practically water–resistant.

53

в) информационные технологии

1.We can often find simple machines, which do things that, would be called intelligent if done by a man.

2.In future all existing knowledge of disease symptoms and treatment could be stored in a computer center; doctors would feed data on symptoms into a computer and get the necessary information on correct diagnosis and treatment.

3.Of course, computers would not substitute the doctors; they would only help them in their work.

4.The engineer proposed that the computer should be used to control the production process.

5.If automatic control had been used, many variable parameters could have been measured and controlled.

6.Experiments proved that great economy could be realized by using automation.

7.It is desired that the final result of an experiment should be as accurate as possible.

8.What could be the use of a machine capable of thousands of mathematical operations per second if it were not automatic?

9.If the marketing manager had a multimedia system, she could make more effective presentations.

10.If the system had a Super VGA card, we would obtain a better resolution.

11.If we had to summarize the most relevant advantages of a database program over a card index system, we would say that it is much faster to consult and update, it occupies a lot less space, and records can be automatically sorted into numerical or alphabetical order using any field.

12.We could say that cables and transceivers (the architecture) allow the computers “to hear” one another while the software is the “language” that they use to “talk” to one another over the network.

13.But for the increment, the system would stay in the same position indefinitely.

14.This would have to be a basic postulate for any general theory of computer application.

15.Ideal would be a single device in which vast amount of information could be stored.

16.If all these tasks had to be done under the direct supervision of the user, the storage of the information in a computer would not be worth the trouble.

17.Without the computer space programs would be impossible and the 21st century would be impossible.

18.Make exact calculations lest you should fail with your experiment.

54

19.I ordered to incorporate this aspect in the analysis otherwise it would have been necessary to make rather detailed assumptions about the scheme.

20.But for the lack of a reliable instrument the problem could have been sold long ago.

21.This could have been noticed by the programmer if he would have inspected his program carefully.

22.You wouldn’t be able to play CD-ROM discs if you didn’t have a CDROM drive.

23.If you had come to the annual computer exhibition, you could have seen the new Audiovisual Macs.

24.If you upgraded your PC you would be able to run multimedia applications.

25.If the computer had a built-in microphone, you could include voice annotations in your documents.

г) экономика

1.The influx of capital investments from outside the region could be foreseen even if Komi had not been provided so generously with natural resources.

2.Without money exchange would take place by means of barter.

3.For a management situations market to work much better performance data would be necessary to evaluate managers.

4.Tax Information Exchange Agreements would allow the Inland Revenue, the UK tax authority, to receive information about the foreign transactions of UK taxpayers and multinational companies in a scheme which the government would like to expand internationally.

5.If Russia had implemented the 1996 reforms, its economy would now be stronger, incomes would be higher, and it would have avoided the 1998 collapse.

6.A typical spot transaction in the interbank market might involve a US bank contracting on Monday for the transfer of ₤ 10,000,000 to the account of a

London bank.

7.If the spot exchange rate was $ 1.6984/₤, the US bank would transfer ₤

10,000,000 to the London bank on Wednesday, and the London bank would transfer $ 16,984,000 to the US bank at the same time.

8.A spot transaction between a bank and its commercial customer would not necessarily involve a wait of two days for settlement.

9.This type of transaction may be viewed as though it were the export of US securities (shares of stocks, bonds, promissory notes, etc.) to foreigners.

10.It is too easy to believe that the move to a market economy would solve the problem by itself.

55

11.Had the reformers been able to avoid hyperinflation and create a semblance of widely shared prosperity, the move to a market economy might have taken a different path.

12.Instead of mass poverty, destitution and an obscene oligarchy, more equitable economic progress might have engendered strong centrist democratic parties like those of Eastern Europe.

13.The IMF might have refused to lend money to Russia.

14.As a result, the Russian central bank would have been forced to allow interest rates to rise to a level that stabilized the currency.

15.Without central bank sales of dollars, the currency would depreciate o the point where trade surpluses arising from low wages earned the dollars to finance capital flight.

16.There would have been less political stability, less economic stability, more opportunities for the Mafia, and greater incentives to take its money out.

17.Building harmonious relationships with customers requires that you get to know each customer’s background, sport interest, hobbies, or activities which are in any similar ways are similar to your own.

18.This could involve evaluating whether one retail store would do a better job of carrying the product than another or whether one package is preferred over the alternative.

19.Without communication, potential consumers could not learn about the new product and consider its purchase.

20.It is important for you to develop a marketing mix that would be most appealing to those individuals in the innovator and early adopter category, as these would be more likely to adopt new product in its initial introduction.

21.A product line extension could conceivably take two directions. One possibility would be to provide customers with some variations in style, colour, quality, or other features. Another possible product line extension would be to increase the inventory of the firm’s products that any one customer would buy.

22.It is better that sales be exchanged between products within the same company rather than losing sales to another company’s product.

23.Establishing a relatively low price on a product in order to capture a larger share of the market is most effective when certain market product conditions exist, such as a highly priced sensitive market where a slightly higher price would cause potential buyers not to purchase the product; mass production of the product that will significantly lower cost; large overhead costs that are the best allocated over units of product; and the product’s distinctiveness is short-lived.

24.Every product need not provide an established return, but it is rare that a product would be priced below the amount needed to recover its costs.

56

25. Given the extremely rapid growth of e-commerce, which will continue in the next decade, it is essential that your firm develop a strategy and have at least a presence on the Internet.

57

Раздел II Тексты для перевода

Памятка по работе с текстами этого раздела:

-прочитайте текст и кратко сформулируйте его содержание на русском языке;

-выпишите незнакомые слова, уточните их перевод по словарю, отработайте их произношение (при необходимости выпишите транскрипцию);

-выпишите а) интернациональные слова и б) термины, которые войдут в Ваш терминологический словарь;

-проанализируйте грамматические структуры, встречающиеся в тексте (модальные глаголы, видо-временные формы глагола, неличные формы глагола, формы сослагательного наклонения) и синтаксические конструкции;

-выполните перевод текста.

1) Экономика и управление народным хозяйством

The European Union

Historical background

The European Economic Community was formed by the signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and came into operation on 1 January 1958.

The original six member countries of the EEC (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West Germany) had already made a move towards integration with the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community in 1952. This had removed all restrictions on trade in coal, steel and iron ore between the six countries. The aim had been to gain economies of scale and allow more effective competition with the USA and other foreign producers.

The European Economic Community extended this principle and aimed eventually to be a full common market with completely free trade between members in all products, and with completely free movement of labour, enterprise and capital. By uniting many of the countries of Western Europe it was hoped too that the conflicts of the two world wars would never be repeated, and that acting together the countries of the EEC could be an effective political and economic force in a world dominated by political giants such as the USA and the USSR, and by economic giants such as the USA (and later Japan).

All internal tariffs between the six members had been abolished and common external tariffs established by 1968. But this still only made the EEC a

58

customs union since a number of restrictions on internal trade remained (legal, administrative, fiscal, etc.). Nevertheless the aim was eventually to create a full common market.

In 1973 the UK, Denmark and Ireland joined the EEC. Greece joined in 1981, and Spain and Portugal in 1986.

The institutions of the European Union

The goal of some politicians is for the European Union (as it is now called) to become a complete political union, with a central federal government: a 'United States of Europe'. Although this is unlikely in the foreseeable future, there are some political and legal institutions that affect life in member countries.

European Commission. This consists of 17 commissioners appointed by the member countries, two each from the five large countries, and one each from the small. The commissioners administer existing Union policy and propose new policies. They are backed up by a secretariat of some 3000 people in Brussels.

European Council of Ministers. This consists of 12 senior ministers, one from each country. It receives proposals from the Commission, and has the power to decide on all EU issues. Which ministers are represented on the Council depends on the purpose on the meeting. Thus finance ministers would represent their country on economic issue, agricultural ministers on farm policy, foreign ministers on Union external relations and so on it.

European Parliament. Constituencies in the member countries elect MEPs to serve in the European Parliament in Strasbourg. Its powers are rather limited in practice, but in theory both the Commission and the Council are answerable to it.

The European Court of Justice. This meets in Luxembourg and decides on areas of legal dispute arising from the Rome Treaty, whether between governments, institutions or individuals. Sometimes its decisions have farreaching effects. Customs union or common market? The economic nature of the European Union The European Union is clearly a customs union. It has common external tariffs and no internal tariffs. But is it more than this? Is it also a common maгket? The answer is that for years there have been certain common economic policies in the EC (as it used to be called). In other respects the Community of the 1970s and 1980s was far from a true common market: there were all sorts of non-tariff barriers. Although these were often erected for| other reasons (e.g. health and safety), they had the effect of restricting trade within the EC and favouring domestic producers. The Single European Act

59

sought to change this. It was an attempt to remove all these various non-tariff barriers and to form a genuine common market by the end of 1992.

Financial institutions in the UK

The different financial intermediaries can be grouped according to the types of deposit taking and lending in which they specialize.

Commercial banks

These include the familiar High Street banks such as Barclays and the National Westminster. These are known as retail banks. They specialize in providing branch banking facilities to individuals. They operate current (cheque-book) accounts, on most of which overdraft facilities can be arranged, and deposit accounts, which by offering a higher interest rate but no cheque book are designed to encourage savers. They also provide personal loan facilities and financial advice to their customers. Unlike most other financial institutions, they are involved in operating the payments system: the transmissions of money through cheques, standing orders, direct debits, etc.

The category of commercial banks also includes overseas banks. These have grown enormously in recent years, especially since the abolition of foreign exchange controls in 1979. There are now many large American and Japanese banks operating in the UK. Although they have made some ventures into the High Street, their major specialism is the finance of international trade and they deal extensively in the foreign exchange market. The value of their deposits (albeit mostly in foreign currency) is now almost as much as that of the UK banks.

Merchant banks

These specialize in receiving large deposits from and making large loans to industry. They often act as 'brokers', arranging loans for companies from a number of different sources. They also offer financial advice to industry and 'accept' bills of exchange. They provide assistance to firms in raising new capital through the issue of new shares. Examples of merchant banks are

Rothschild’s and Hambros.

Savings banks

These were originally set up to provide savings facilities rather than current account and clearing facilities. The Trustee Savings Banks were one of

60

the best known of such institutions. Today, however, the TSB is just another High Street bank, offering the same facilities as all the others. The one remaining example of savings banks in the UK is the National Savings Bank (NSB). This is a government-run institution and operates through post offices. The savings deposited in the NSB are called 'national savings' and are lent to the government.

Building societies

These specialize in granting loans (mortgages) for house purchase. They compete for the savings of the general public through a network of High Street branches. They include many familiar names such as the Halifax, the Woolwich and the Nationwide Anglia. Unlike commercial banks they are not public limited companies, their 'shares' being the deposits made by their investors.

Finance houses

These specialize in providing hire-purchase finance for the purchase of consumer durables such as cars and electrical goods. This is normally arranged through the retailer, which will offer credit to its customers. Finance houses also lease out capital equipment to firms. Their main sources of funds are banks, but they do also receive deposits from the general public. Several finance houses are subsidiaries of commercial banks.

Discount houses

These institutions, unique to the UK, play an absolutely central role in the monetary system. Their specialism is in lending and borrowing for very short periods of time - from one day to up to about three months. There are eight discount houses, all members of the London Discount Market Association. Despite their importance they are not household names as they do not deal with the general public. (Have you heard of King & Shaxson or Gerrard & National?)

Increasingly, the boundaries between the different financial institutions are becoming less clear cut. For example, in the past there was a clear distinction between banks and building societies. Today, however, they have become much more similar, with building societies now offering current account facilities and cash machines, and commercial banks granting mortgages. In fact, in 1989 the Abbey National Building Society became a public limited company and thereby ceased to be a building society, becoming instead a bank.