Тема 11. Gerund. Gerund
|
Active |
Passive |
Виражає дію |
Indefinite |
doing |
being done |
одночасну з дією дієслова-присудка. |
Perfect |
having done |
having been done |
попередню до дії дієслова-присудка. |
The Gerund is used |
|||
- to talk about earlier actions: I remember watching the match. It was fantastic. |
Functions
Subject |
Knowing English is helpful. Reading books is useful. |
after verbs: avoid, burst out, deny, |
Part of Predicate |
Seeing is believing. His favourite pastime is reading. How about/What about postponing the test. |
|
Object |
He likes asking questions. Ann likes studying foreign languages. |
|
Prepositional Object |
He insisted on her being told about it. He insisted on translating the text. |
|
Attribute |
I studied the method of solving the problem. The boiling temperature of water is 100˚C. |
|
Adverbial Modifier |
In translating the text he made a lot of mistakes. After discussing the problem, they arrived at important conclusions. |
|
Infinitive or gerund?
Some English verbs are followed by infinitive other verbs are followed by gerund and there are also verbs followed by infinitive and gerund: |
They agreed to come. Did you enjoy flying? She began to work – working. |
|||||||||||||||
I. Verbs followed by: |
||||||||||||||||
infinitive only: |
gerund only: |
|||||||||||||||
agree appear choose decide permit refuse manage remind |
forbid force swear invite learn offer order instruct |
persuade encourage prepare pretend promise demand arrange |
fail plan hope ask allow warn seem |
admit delay dislike enjoy escape excuse finish |
forgive insist keep mind miss practise |
prevent risk suggest understand consider imagine |
||||||||||
He decided to study at university. We hoped to find it. Did he seem to like it? They allowed me to smoke. I ordered my son to send it. |
She admitted telling him. Did you escape writing the test? I don't want to risk coming late. |
|||||||||||||||
II. The expressions followed by |
||||||||||||||||
infinitive |
gerund |
|||||||||||||||
be about turn out set out do one's best make up one's mind |
He was about to start. I did my best to learn it. I haven't made up my mind to start yet. It turned out to be your car. We set out to cut the tree. |
be against it's worth can't stand can't help care for give up look forward to it's no use/good be interested in |
I can't stand waiting for hours. I can't help laughing. Don't give up studying this chapter. It's no use working so late. Is the film worth seeing? |
|||||||||||||
III. The verbs followed by infinitives and gerunds. |
||||||||||||||||
1. With the same meaning. |
||||||||||||||||
begin start it needs it wants |
intend advise allow permit |
can't bear recommend it requires continue |
Did you continue driving/to drive? He can't bear smoking/to smoke. |
|||||||||||||
If the verbs advise, allow, permit, recommend |
||||||||||||||||
are used with the indirect object, they are followed by Infinitive. |
are not used with the indirect object Gerund must be used. |
|||||||||||||||
They didn't allow us to eat there. She recommended John to read this book. |
They didn't allow eating there. She recommended reading this book. |
|||||||||||||||
IV. Verbs that have a different meaning with infinitive or gerund. |
||||||||||||||||
Try |
||||||||||||||||
I made an attempt to get in touch with him. I tried to call him because I needed to meet him. |
I made an experiment with my mobile. I tried calling him because I needed to test my new mobile phone. |
|||||||||||||||
Love/like/hate/prefer are used |
||||||||||||||||
In the conditional tense - with the infinitive: |
In other tenses - with infinitives or gerunds, but both forms have a slightly different meaning. |
|||||||||||||||
I'd like to drive. I'd love to drive. I'd hate to drive. I'd prefer to drive. |
I like driving. I love driving. I hate driving.
|
|||||||||||||||
Go on |
||||||||||||||||
when we want to describe an activity that follows a previous action and is somehow connected to it: |
when we want to say that a previous activity continues: |
|||||||||||||||
He gave us a lecture on the Greek history. And then he went on to show us his photos from Greece. |
After dinner he went on showing us his photos. |
|||||||||||||||
Stop |
||||||||||||||||
I stopped to smoke. (made a pause to have a cigarette) |
I stopped smoking. (do not smoke anymore) |
|||||||||||||||
Mean |
||||||||||||||||
I didn't mean to hurt you. (I didn't do it on purpose.) |
We can go to Spain. But it means spending more money. (describing the consequences) |
|||||||||||||||
Afraid |
||||||||||||||||
She was afraid to marry Bill. (She doesn't mind getting married, but the marriage with Bill frightens her.) |
She was afraid of getting married. (Any marriage is something that frightens her.) |
|||||||||||||||
I'm sorry |
||||||||||||||||
I'm sorry to tell you that your flight will be delayed. (I apologize for something that will happen.) |
I'm sorry for telling you. (I apologize for a previous action.) |
|||||||||||||||
V. Excuse, forgive and prevent are used with three different forms. |
||||||||||||||||
Infinitive |
Participle |
Gerund |
||||||||||||||
Excuse me for being late. |
Excuse me being late. |
Excuse my being late. |
Gerund
a) after the expressions it needs/ requires/ wants is more common. |
The car needs washing/to be washed. The flower wants watering/to be watered |
b) after "Go" + sports or recreational activities |
Let's go shopping, they went skiing. |
c) after prepositions |
I will talk with you before going to lunch. I am looking forward to working with you. |
d) in expressions with have, spend, waste |
She had fun skiing. He wasted all his time worrying. |
Приклади вправ на граматику: