GENERAL INDEX
Abstract, 37, 38
Active and passive constructions, II4 Adaptation of articles and stories, 16I,
I62 Aesthetics, 158 Africa, 93, II8 Allophones, 96 Alterations, I IO
American Bible Society, 47
American Standard Version, 2, I6, 17,
25 Amplified
Bible, IIZ, r65 Analysis
componential, 74, 79, 85 grammatical, 33-55
of meanings, 76-87 of style, 145
Antonymy, 74 Anuaks, 4 Apposition, II5
Appropriate referent, I 39 Arabic, I27
Argument, I32, I57 Audience, needs of, I3I
Back-transformation, 47, I04, I54 Balinese, II7
Bantu, II4 Southern, I8z
Baptists, S7 Barr, James, II2
Basic drafts of translation, I84
Bible Society (Societies), 175, 176, 177, I7S, I 79, r8o, I8I
Bible Societies
American Bible Society, 47 United Bible Societies, I8z, I83
Bible translating, I, I74
Bible Translations for Popular Use, I27 Bible versions
American Standard Version, 2, r6, 17, 25
Amplified, uz, I65 Expanded, I65
German Old Testament, 25
Greek New Testament, SI, IIO, I37, qo, I42, I55, I56
King James Version, z, 3, ro, II, 24,
25, 2~ 27, 35, 4I, 44· 52, 53, 54, 9~ 95, 123, 157
Kittel (Hebrew) Old Testament, r8z Knox, 3
Living Letters, 47
New English Bible, z, 8, 9, ro, I r, I 3, I5, I6, I7, IS, 25, 26, 27, 41, 53, 54, ss, 95, II5, 123, I29, 135, 137, 13S, 139, I40, 14I, I42, I44· I5I, I52, rSz
Phillips New Testament, 3, 26, 27, 4I,
47, |
I23, |
I29, |
I34 |
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Revised Standard Version, 8, 9, IO, |
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rr, |
14, |
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I5, |
r6, IS, 24, 2.5, z6, |
27, |
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2~ 2~ 30, 3~ 39, 4I, 46, 51, ss• .sS, |
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63, S5, |
I23, |
I34, 135, 13S, I39, |
I40, |
{4I, 142, I44· 151, rsz, I56, I.S7, r8z
Revised Version, 25
Today's English Version (Good News for Modern Man), 2, 3, 7, S, 9, IO, II, I5, I~ I7, I~ 24, 25, 2~ 28, 30, 3S, 39, 4I, 47, 53, 71, s4, ss, I34, qo, 141, 142, I43, 144, I51, 152, 154, 156, rSz
Biblical passages, evaluation of, z, 3 Biblical ·writers, intelligibility of, 7 Buber, 25
Calculated avoidance, 150 Camerouns, I65 Capitalization, 29 Chibemba, z I
Chicago, zo Chinese, II4 Classifiers, 167 Clauses
markers for, I46 sequence, I4 7
Cloze Technique, I69-I70 Combinations, semantically agreeable,
149
Committee structure, features of, I75I78
Committees in general, 158 Communication
density of, 128 expressive, 24 failure in, 23 load, I30 relevant, 24
Complex discourse structures, I48 Componential analysis, 74, 79, Ss Comprehensibility, test of, z Concord
gender, class, and number, I 14 Connotation, IIO
Connotations ·
210 |
GENERAL INDEX |
special, 92, 93 technical usage, 92 unrelated, 94
of words 91, 92 Connotative
appropriateness, qo appropriateness, avoidance of, 143 effectiveness, 13S
equivalence, 13S, 139 Connotative meaning, gr-gS
analytical procedure of, 91 association with speakers, 92, 93 circumstances of usage, 93, 94 levels of usage, 94
linguistic messages of, 96 measurement of, 94, 95 primary factors of, 92-94
Connotative values, 96 Constructions
active and passive, I q nonparallel, I4S
Consultative Group, 176, 177, rSo, rSr, rS2, rss, IS6, rS7
Contemporary style, I39
usage, 13S, 139, 140, 142 Content, uS, II9, rS2 Content vs. Form, 105, ro6
Context, 3S, 46, 47, 73, 75, Sr, 82, S4 Contextual conditioning, 59, 107
provision of, 109
Contextual consistency, I4-22, IOI, rS2 Contextual specification, 56
Contrast, 154
intransitive-transitive, 57 nouns »ith verbs, 57 semantic 70-72
Contrastive features of words, 6j, 66 Cook County, 20
Coordination and subordination, II4,
Ilj
Corresponding sounds, II7 Criticism, preventing, rS6 Cultural
backgrounds, 170 conditioning, uo translation, I34 Cummings, E. E., 133
Description, 132, 157 Descriptive substitutes, 167 Designation of participants, 144 Diagnosing problems, I62
Diagnostic components of words, 64, 77,
s3, ss Dialects
cultural elements, 130 geographical, 129-1.3 I mutual intelligibility of, I30
Didache, S6
Dimension of difficulty, 164 Discourse
direct and indirect, II 2 structure, Ij2-Ij9 types of, 131-I33
universals of, I31-132, 152
Discourse-transition marker, 137, q6 Discourse-type marker, I37. 146 Discrepancy between semantic and
grammatical classes, qS Distinctions, polar, q Distinguishing languages, 21 Distortion, roS
Distortion, roS Double negatives, II3 Dutch, 42
Dymanic equivalence, 14, 22-28, 129, I37. 173
Editorial Committee, rsS. 175. 176, 179, rS~ rS4, rS5, rS~ rSS
secretary to, 177, rSr Eisegesis, r II
Eliot, T. S., 133
Ellipsis, IIj, 167, r6S, rS3
English, 6o, |
66, 67, S7, I 13, uS, I 37, |
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I4S, 149 |
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American, |
95 |
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British, 92 |
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Equivalence |
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close, 13 |
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functional, |
q |
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of idiom, |
I |
39 |
natural, |
12 |
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potential and actual, 4, 5 Etymological meanings, 107 Euphemisms, 91
Event, 3S Exegesis, IS2
Expanded Translation, 165 Expansion
lexical, I67 syntactic, r66 techniques, I 59, I6o types of, r6s-r67
Explaining the contents, I 71, 172 Explanatory notes, I I I
Failure to mark participants, r4S Figurative
extensions, SS language, 150 meanings, Io7, 150
meanings, problem of, S7-S9 usage, SS, Sg
Fodor, 76
Folk classifications, characteristics of, 69 Form, II9
extent of change of, s. 6 limitation of, 5
GENERAL INDEX |
2II |
vs. content I, s. 6 Formal
confusion, 148
correspondence, I4, 22-28, I37. I73 features for efficiency, I46, I47 features for special effects, 147. 148 language, I28
vs. informal, I42, I82 Formulas, I09
Forward-transformations, 50 French, 25, 6o, n8
French Academy, 84 Frequence of usage, I7o
Generation gap, I27
spread, I 24, I 25
Generic and specific meanings, I08 Geographical dialects, I29-I3I German Old Testament, 25 Gospels, ambiguities of, 7 Grammar, meaning of, .34 Grammatical
analysis, .33-35 constructions, 35 Great Britain, 92
Greek, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, I 2, 14, I 5, 16, !9,28,,30,67.75.80,8!,94. 85.9I,95. IO), I07, 108, IIO, II3, II6, 129, 1.33,
I37. I,38, 139. 140, I42, I43. I48. ISS. 156, I68
Guaica, 98, I r6
Hebrew, 5, 6, 7, I2, 14, 21, .30, 89, 91,
107, 143. I68
Hemingway, 148
Henotheism, 83 Hindi, 84
Historical narrative, 157 Homer, 133
Honorifics, I 17
Idioms, 45, 46, 89, Io6, 107, 182
Iliad, 133
Illinois, 20
Inclusive vs. exclusive, r r6 India, 84, 133
Indirect discourse, II2
Indo-European languages, II4, II6 Informal-to-formal, 123 Information Theory, I69 Inspiration, doctrine of, 101 Interclause markers, 138 Intersentence markers, 146 Intradiscourse
break, 144
transition, 137, 140, 143 Islam, Ior
Israel, 84
J abberwocky, 34
Katz, 76 Kernels, 39-55
combinations of, , components of, 52
grammatical transformations from, 49 identification of, 52
logical relations of, 105 relationships between, 52 restatement of, 52
series of, 5 I
spatial relations of, 105 statement of, 52 structure, 103, 154
and surface structure, 43, 44 temporal relations of, I04, I05 types of combinations of, 50
King James Version, 2, 3, IO, I1, 24, 25,
26, 27, 35. 41, 44· 52, 53. 54· 94. 95. 123, I57
Kittel, r82 Knox, 3 Koran, 83
Lack of discourse-t:r'"Pe markers, r 48 Lack of transition markers, 148 Language
adequacy of, 4. 5 cultural setting of, 6, 7 experience in, 19 expressive function in, 25 flexibility of, 132
forms of, 31 heard, 28-31
historical depth of, 122 homogenization of, 128 imperative function in, 26 informative function in, 24 insecurity in, roo, 101 level of, I2o-129, 142, 143 literary accretion of, I21 mystery of, I01
overlap of, I22, 123 rapid change of, 124 sociological levels of, 127
substandard forms of, 122 surface structure of, 33
system of symbolizing meaning in, 20 total range of, 12I, 122
variations in, I25-127 varieties of, 120-133 written, 28-3I
Languages
dead and alive, II7 distinguishing, 21
Latin, 19, 127 Latin America, 1 r8 Lexical features
for efficiency, 149-I50
212 |
GENERAL INDEX |
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for special effects, I 50 |
Organization |
structure, |
principles |
of, |
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Lexical level, |
I43, I44 |
I87 |
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Linguistic translation, I34 |
Organization |
of |
translation |
programs, |
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Literal |
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I74·I88 |
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meaning, 59 |
Organizational |
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structure, |
variety |
of, |
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translation, |
164 |
174, 175 |
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Literary |
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Osgood, 94 |
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superstructure, 124 |
Overlapping in semantic areas, 72-74 |
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tradition, 120-123 |
Overloading, 30 |
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Living Letters, 47 |
Overt marking of participants, 147 |
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Malayalam, 133 |
Paragraphs, 152 |
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Parallel subject-predicate constructions, |
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Manuscript, final preparation of, 187 |
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146 |
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Marginal helps, I67, 168 |
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I 54 |
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Markers, types of, I52-154 |
Parallelism, |
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Paraphrase, |
I 73 |
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Maya, 86, II6 |
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characteristics of, 47 |
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Meanings |
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Paratactic constructions, q8 |
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analysis of, 76-87 |
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Passive and |
active constructions, |
I 14 |
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contrast of, 83 |
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Paul, 7I |
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generic and specific, 108 |
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Phillips New Testament, |
.3, |
26, 27, |
4I, |
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marking of, s6 |
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47· |
123, |
129, |
134 |
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priority of, 13 |
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Pleonasm, elimination of, |
I37 |
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referential, s6-go |
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Pleonastic |
expressions, |
ro8, |
109, |
I82 |
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Meaningfulness, 143 |
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Poetic language, |
I32 |
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Meaninglessness, 30 |
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Poetry, 126, 132 |
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Message, impact of, 22 |
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Hebrew, 5 |
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:Mexico, impact of, 22 |
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Ponapeans, 4 |
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:Micronesia, 4 |
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I07 |
Popular language, 124, 125 |
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Modifications, |
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Portugese, 30, |
II8 |
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Monotheism, 83 |
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Possessive constructions, 44 |
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More, 109 |
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Potential terminals, I47 |
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Morphological |
categories, problems of, |
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Presbyterians, 87 |
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II6 |
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Principles of translating, |
r, |
ISI, r82 |
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11'Iorse code, 2I |
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Priorities, a system of, 14 |
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Muslims, 83, 84 |
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Producer language, I21 |
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Narrative, I 32 |
Pronominal forms, II2, II3 |
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Pronominal reference, 138 |
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parable, 157 |
Proofreading, r87 |
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progression, I39 |
Proper names, 30 |
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Natural |
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Prose, |
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132 |
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grammatical construction, 143 |
Protestant, I I |
8 |
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word order, I40 |
Pseudodomains, 69 |
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New English Bible, 2, 8, 9, IO, II, I3, |
Publication of samples, 172-173 |
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I5, 16, 17, 18, 25, 26, 27, 4I, 53, 54, |
Punctuation, 29 |
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ss. 95, ns. I23, 129, 135. I37, 138, |
Puns, |
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139, 140-142, 144, 151, 152, 182 |
oral, |
30 |
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New Guinea, 21 |
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New Testament T-Vordbook of Rittel, 112 |
Quakers, 86 |
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New York, 97 |
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Quechua, II4 |
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Nilotic languages, II4 |
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Nirvana, 97 |
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Reaction to alternatives, I7I |
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Non-Christians, priority of, 3I |
Reading aloud, 172 |
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Nonidioms, I06 |
Receptor language, 104, 163, I70 |
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Nonparallel |
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effectiveness of, 4. 5 |
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constructions, I48 |
form of, |
5, 6 |
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semantic structures, qS |
genius of, 3, 4 |
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respect for, |
4 |
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Object, 37 |
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Receptor languages, new attitudes to- |
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Odyssey, 133 |
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ward, 3-6 |
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GENERAL INDEX |
213 |
Recordings, 158 Reductions, types of, I68 Redundancy, I63, I6j, I 72 Referential meanings, 56-go Regionalisms, 92
Relation, 37, 38
Relationships between words, 72-74 Reproducing the message, Iz Responding to alternatives, I62 Restricted literary tradition, I24, 125 Restructuring, I20-I62
Review Committee, I76, I79. I8o, I8I,
I8z, I85, |
I86, |
I87 |
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Revised Standard Version, 8, 9, IO, II, |
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q, Ij, I6, I8, 24, |
25, 26, 27, zS, 29, |
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30, 38, 39, 4 I, |
46. |
5I, ss. ss. 63, ss. |
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I23, I34. 135. I3S, I39. qo-q2, |
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!44• I5I, Ij2, Ij6, Ij], IS2 |
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Revised Version, 25 |
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Revision |
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difficulties in, |
178 |
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need for, |
I 78, |
I 79 |
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Revnard stories, 88 |
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Rh-etorical questions, answers to, 30 |
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Rhythm, qS |
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Rieu, I33 |
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Roman Catholics, 87. |
rrS |
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Rosenzweig, 25 |
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Sah·ation .-\rmy, 86 |
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Scholar, I03 |
- |
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Scriptures |
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historical context, |
I3 |
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types oi, 3I |
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Selection techniques, |
I6o |
Semantic
adjustments of transfer, IOj-I 12 components, redistribution of, Iog condensation, I26
contrast, 70-72
and grammatical categories, !47 restructuring, I 67
structuro;s, nonparallel, qS simplicity, 137
units, size of, 89
Sen1antics, 56, 58
Semantics of Biblical Language, The, rr2 Semitic, 89, I67
Semotactic
appropriateness, I37. I38, I39. q2, 143. 144. Ij8, I70
arra,n;:\ement, I72 manung, 56 structure, I 59
Semotaxis, ;8-63 Sentence. I 52
length, 144 structure, I I 3
Sentences kernel, 39-55
long and structurally complex, I4S short, 147
with simple structures, I47 Septuagint, 25
Shifts in meaning, I07 Shipibo, ro6
Simple discourse structure, I46 Slang, I27
Slanted writing, r6r Sound
effects, q8 symbolism, I 26
Source language, Ioz, 103, I63 intelligibility of, 7. 8 limitations of, 7
new attitudes concerning, 6-8 reproduction of \VTiter's understand-
ing of, 8
stylistic features of, 47 South Africa, I8I
South America, I67 Spanish, 25
Spanish Reina-Valera Revision, I 79 Specific vs. generic, I49, r;o Specification of relationships, I r 5 Specificity, 8I
Speech
educational levels of, 92 standard, 92 substandard, 92
Spelling, ig Standard speech, 92
Structural adjustments of transfer, rrzrrg
Structuring the account, r6o Style
analysis of, 145 appropriate, I57-I59
classification of features of, 145-I52 components of, I33-I59
functional approach to, 145
oral, 125, 126, 127
significance of, I 3 written, I2j, I26, I27
Stylis~ I03, I04, I77 characteristics of. Ij 7, I 58 training of, I 59- I 62
work of, IS6, I87
Stylistic features of source language, 4 7 Subordination of clauses, I38 Substandard speech, 92
Suci, 94
Sudan, 4
Supplementary components and feat-
ures of words, 64. 65, 66, ]I, 77• 78. 79. ss
Symbolic values, I r I Synonymy, 73 SYntactic
-marking, ;6. 57
zq |
GENERAL INDEX |
patterns, 170 simplification, 143
Tannenbaum, 94
Task of translators, 69, 127 Taxonomic
hierarchy, 150 order, 70
Taylor, Kenneth, 47 Technical language, 124, 128 Tense
equivalence, 139 sequence of, II3
Tenses, rr6 Terms
specific vs. generic, 149 structurally complex, 42 vulgar, 29
Testing procedures, 163-173 Tests, practical, 170-173 Tetragrammaton, 25, 91 Text, limitations with, III Thai Buddhist, 97 Thematic relevance, 170 Themes, 98
Theology, IOO, IOI
Through the Looking Glass, 34, 35 Time dimension, 94
Today's English Version (Good News for Modern Man), 2, 3, 7, S, 9, IO, II, I5, 16, !7, !8, 24, 25, 26, 2S, 30, 3S, 39, 41, 47. 53, 71, s4. ss. I3 4• I 4o-I 42,
!43. 144· ISI, 152, I54· 156, !82 Tradition, literary, 120-123
Traditional usage, 124 Traditionalists, 178, 179 Transfer, 99-119
cooperation in, 102, 103 personal problems in, 99-102 personnel involved in, I02-I04
semantic adjustments of, 105-II2 stages of, 104, 105
structural adjustments of, I I2-II9 Transformations, 39
Transition, intradiscourse, 137, qo, 143 Translating
ingredients of, r88 making sense in, I nature of, 12-32 new concept of, I-II
old and new focus of, I, 2 procedures in, 178-187 restructure in, 9-10
statement of principles of, I8I systems of, 33
Translation accuracy of, 28 adequacy of, 173
basic drafts of, I 84 bias in, 99
comprehension of, 173 correctness of, I, 173 critical examination of, 23 cultural, I3
decision-making procedures of, ISs, I86
distribution of drafts of, r86 errors of, II2
ignorance, IOI, 102 imagination for, 99 intelligibility of, 22, 182 length of, 163-165 levels of, 2
linguistic, IJ literal, I 64 objectivity in, 99 principles of, I
sample set of principles of, 182 technicalities, 99, IOO
testing the, 163-173
Translationese, 13, roo, 124, 125, 140, 142
Translations Consultant, 103, IJ7, 178, 179, I8o, I85
Translations, contrasts in, 142 Translators
adjustments of, 4 considerations of, I20 institute, r8o, ISI number of, I remuneration, r86
Roman Catholic and Protestant, II8 task of, 69, 127
transfer within, 99 Translators' Translation, 182 Turfloop, rSr
Tmkey, 84
Types of discourse, I3I-I33 Types of expansion, 165-167 Tzeltal, ro6
United Bible Societies, 182, I83
United States, 20, 92, 93
Upper Volta, 109
Venezuela, 98, I 16
Verbal consistency, 14-22, IOI, r82 Vocabulary, 182
average, 56 level, 142 usage, 123
Vulgar language, 124 Vulgarisms, avoidance of, 97
Women, speech of, 32 Wonderly, William L., 127 Word and phrase order, II3 \Vord structure, II5·1 r8 Words
appropriate, 97, 149
GENERAL INDEX |
215 |
archaic, 149 associations of, 91
common components of, 77. 82 with complex structures, 41 componential features of, 64
configuration of components of, 78 connotations of, 91, 92
contrasting, 1SO
contrastive features of, 6s, 66 dated, I')O
diagnostic components of, 6-J., 77. 83.
ss
distinctions of, 83
distinctive components of, 79 familiar combinations of, 149 hierarchical relationships of, 68 hierarchical structure, 87
high-frequency, 149 infrequent, rso
in juxtaposition, 93, 94 little-known, 150 mechanisms of, 87 relationships between, 72-74
semantic domains of, 87 shared components of, 79
supplementary components of, 64, 6s. 71, n. 78, 79, ss
supplementary features of, 66 synonymous, 93
taboos, 91
techniques for determining components of, 78
unusual combinations, rso well-known, q9
Writing for
different levels, 160, 161 impact, 161
response, 161
Young people, 127, rS::
Younger persons vs. older, 32
Yucatan, 86
Zambia, 21
Zulu, 65