Exchanges in russia

There are different types of exchanges all over the world. They are commodity exchanges, currency exchanges and stock exchanges.

The first exchanges in Russia were commodity exchanges as the country was (and is) rich in natural resources.

Currency exchanges have been operating since 1989. Their task is to fix the official rates of exchange.

The first stock exchange was established in 1990. Stock exchanges regulate the circulation of shares issued by joint stock companies.

Task 5. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Центральный банк учреждается и контролируется правительством.

2. Я собираюсь работать в банковской сфере.

3. Все коммерческие банки взимают проценты за кредит.

4. Наш банк намерен предоставить краткосрочный заём этому предприятию.

5. Банки могут выпускать аккредитивы.

6. Я собираюсь занять крупную сумму денег.

7. Мы хотим купить автомобиль в кредит.

8. Если вы хотите купить товары за границей, вы должны поменять деньги в отделе обмена валюты.

Task 6. Answer the following questions on the text.

1. What services do all commercial banks offer?

2. Who supervises the operations of a central bank? What is its function?

3. What do you know about the ‘international exchange’?

4. What does the line of credit of the enterprise depend on?

5. What do people use banks for?

6. What is the difference between a savings account and a checking account?

Task 7. Discuss with your partner the following problems.

1. What bank services do you use?

2. What kind of loan would you prefer a long-term loan or a short-term loan?

3. Whom do the banks make loans to?

Lesson 5 marketing

Task 1. Suggest the Russian equivalents for the words with international roots:

activity, service, producer, distribution, transporting, process, operation, planning, credit, construction, center.

Helpful Words and Expressions

1. a manufacturer – изготовитель

2. a producer – производитель

3. a consumer – потребитель

4. a user – потребитель

5. distribution – сбыт, распределение

6. consumption – потребление

7. production – производство

8. marketing – продажа, сбыт, маркетинг

9. transporting – транспортировка

10. storing – складирование, хранение

11. storage – хранение

12. product planning – разработка новых продуктов

13. pricing – установление цен

14. promotion – содействие в продаже

15. traffic – зд. грузооборот

16. marketing research – изучение рынка сбыта

17. trend – тенденция, общее направление

18. to influence – влиять

19. to predict - предсказывать

Task 2. Read and translate the text.

Marketing includes all the business activities connected with the movement of goods and services from producers to consumers. Sometimes it is called distribution. On the one hand, marketing is made up of such activities as transporting, storing and selling goods and, on the other hand, a series of decisions you make during the process of moving goods from a producer to a user. Marketing operations include product planning, buying, storage, pricing, promotion, selling, credit, traffic and marketing research.

The ability to recognize early trends is very important. Producers must know why, where, for what purpose the consumers buy. Market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want. And through advertising he attempts to influence the customer to buy. Marketing operations are very expensive. They take up more than half of the consumer's dollar. The trend in the USA has been to high mass consumption. The construction of good shopping centers has made goods available to consumers. It provided a wide range of merchandise.

Task 4. Match the Russian words and expressions to English ones.

1) виды коммерческой деятельности; 2) движение товаров; 3) с одной стороны; 4) с другой стороны; 5) с какой целью; 6) ряд решений; 7) более половины; 8) торговый центр; 9) массовое потребление.

1) a series of decisions; 2) on the one hand; 3) business activities; 4) for what purpose; 5) a shopping center; 6) mass consumption; 7) more than half; 8) the movement of goods; 9) on the other hand.

Task 5. Fill in the gaps with the words from the right column.

1. One of the aims of market research is to indicate 1. predict

new … among people.

2. Advertising must … customers and make them buy the 2. influence

goods produced.

3. Often marketing is called … . 3. promote

4. In order to sell a new product, a producer has to consider 4. marketing

how to … it.

5. The goods of this company are not sold very well, they 5. trends

must think about … .

6. Sometimes it is difficult to influence … through 6. distribution

advertising.

7. If you want to produce something new, you should 7. marketing

start with … . research

8. A producer wants to … the new trends and then tries 8. product

to influence them. planning

9. … includes product development and pricing among 9. consumer

other things.

Helpful Words

1. to go up – расти (о цене)

2. to raise the price – поднимать цену

3. to be a price leader – диктовать цены на рынке

4. promotional campaign – рекламная компания

5. product development – развитие производства

6. to market – продавать

7. packaging – упаковка

8. trade – торговля

9. demand – спрос

10. to compete – конкурировать

11. a competitor – конкурент

12. advertising – рекламирование

13. a customer – розничный покупатель

Task 6. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Маркетинг включает действия, связанные с движением товара от производителя к потребителю. 2. Маркетинг включает транспортировку, хранение, рекламу, установление цен, продажу. 3. Изучение рынка помогает предсказывать новые тенденции покупательского спроса. 4. Реклама оказывает влияние на покупателя. 5. Мы не можем устанавливать самую низкую цену на этот товар. 6. Вам следует подумать о разработке новой продукции и развитии производства.

Task 7. Determine the meaning of the irregular verbs and translate the sentences.

to cost (cost) It costs ₤ 20 for it.

to pay (paid) I paid ₤ 20 for it.

to buy (bought) I bought it for ₤ 20.

to sell (sold) The shop sells clothes.

to spend (spent) I spent ₤ 200 on clothes.

It’s cheap = it doesn’t cost much.

It’s expensive = it costs a lot.

Task 8. Answer the following questions on the text.

1. What does marketing mean?

2. What activities does marketing consist of?

3. What do marketing operations include?

4. Why is it so important for the producer to predict the trends?

5. How was mass consumption possible in the USA?

Task 9. Discuss with your partner the following problems.

1. What does it mean “a price leader”? What should you do to become a price leader?

2. What should you do to leave your competitors behind?

3. How should one start a promotional campaign?