II. Вставьте в пропуски нужную форму глагола в Present Simple Tense.

This 1) … (be) Ingrid and she 2) (come) from Sweden. She … (3) live with her family in a flat in the city of Stockholm. In the winter, it 4) … (get) dark very early in Sweden and it 5) … (snow) a lot. Most people there 6) … (love) skiing and children 7) … (learn) to ski at a very young age. In the summer, they 8) … (ride) bicycles and 9) … (spend) most of the day outdoors. Sweden 10) … (be) a beautiful country. Ingrid really 11) … (enjoy) living there.

III. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в правильную форму.

1. The swimming bath … (open) at 9.00 and … (close) at 18.30 every day.

2. What time … (the banks/close) in Britain?

3. I have a car but I … (not/use) it very often.

4. ‘What … (you/do)?’ ‘I’m an electrical engineer.’

1. ‘Where … (your father/come) from?’ ‘He … (come) from Scotland.’

2. If you need money, why … (you/not/get) a job?

3. I … (play) the guitar, but I … (not/play) very way.

УРОК 2 LESSON TWO

Фонетика: Повторение чтения букв “i” и “y”.

Грамматика: Present Continuous Tense.

Тема: Дизайн как процесс. Design as a Process.

I. Прочитайте слова со следующими звуками.

[ai] – line, five, high, design, mild, kind,

by, type, satisfy, apply.

[W] – first, third, thirteen, thirty.

[I] – traffic, satisfy, distance, since, will

early, industry, many, vary, topography.

[j] – your, you, yes.

II. Запомните слова необходимые для понимания текста.

1. amateur, n [`xmqtW] – любитель, не профессионал

2. discrete, a [dIs`krIt] – отдельный

3. consistent, a [kqn`sIstqnt] – совместимый, согласующийся

4. posit, v [`pozIt] - утверждать

5. in situ testing [ˎIn`saItju] – испытание, тестирование продукта дизайна

непосредственно на месте его создания или в естественных для него

условиях

6. feedback, n [`fJdbxk] – оценка продукта дизайна (потребителями),

отзывы (со стороны потребителей)

7. assumption, n [q`sAmpSqn] – предположение

8. antithetical, a [ˎxntI`TetIkql] – прямо противоположный

9. сontemporary, adv [kqn`tempqrqrI] – одновременно

10. inextricably, adv [In`ekstrIkqblI] – неразрывно

III. Переведите предложения на английский язык. Английские эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний, выделенных курсивом, вы сможете найти в предыдущем задании.

1. Это любительский спектакль. Актеры, которые в нем играют не профес- сиональные актеры. 2. Мы надеемся на положительные отзывы о нашей работе. 3. Эти два процесса неразрывно связаны. 4. То, что он сказал – всего лишь предположение, не более того. 5. Ваши поступки должны оответство- вать принципам нашего учебного заведения.

Чтение и перевод текста

Design as a Process

Substantial disagreement exists concerning how designers in many fields, whether amateur or professional, alone or in teams, produce designs. There are two basic and fundamentally different ways of describing design processes, both of which have several names. The prevailing view has been called "The Rational Model".

The Rational Model posits that:

1. designers attempt to optimize a design candidate for known constraints and

objectives,

2. the design process is plan-driven,

3. the design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages.

The Rational Model is based on a rationalist philosophy. According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner. Technical rationality is at the center of the process.

Typical stages consistent with The Rational Model include the following.

• Pre-production design.

• Design brief or Parti pris – an early (often the beginning) statement of design goals.

• Analysis – analysis of current design goals.

• Research – investigating similar design solutions in the field or related topics.

• Specification – specifying requirements of a design solution for a product (product design specification) or service.

• Problem solving – conceptualizing and documenting design solutions.

• Presentation – presenting design solutions.

• Design during production.

• Development – continuation and improvement of a designed solution.

• Testing – in situ testing a designed solution.

• Post-production design feedback for future designs.

• Implementation – introducing the designed solution into the environment.

• Evaluation and conclusion – summary of process and results, including constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements.

• Redesign – any or all stages in the design process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, during, or after production.

The Rational Model has been widely criticized on two primary grounds:

1. Designers do not work this way – extensive empirical evidence has demon-strated that designers do not act as the rational model suggests.

2. Unrealistic assumptions – goals are often unknown when a design project begins, and the requirements and constraints continue to change.

The Action-Centric Model (Perspective) is a label given to a collection of interrelated concepts, which are antithetical to the Rational Model. It posits that:

1. designers use creativity and emotion to generate design candidates,

2. the design process is improvised,

3. no universal sequence of stages is apparent – analysis, design and implementation are contemporary and inextricably linked.

Like the Rational Model, the Action-Centric model sees design as informed by research and knowledge. However, research and knowledge are brought into the design process through the judgment and common sense of designers more than through the predictable and controlled process stipulated by the Rational Model. Designers' context-dependent experience and professional judgment take center stage more than technical rationality.

As this perspective is relatively new, it has not yet encountered much criticism. One possible criticism is that it is less intuitive than The Rational Model.