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Microbiological cor-

Crevice corrosion

rosion

Student B. It is more often found in hot countries, but it also occurs in tanks, such as fuel tanks. Fungus enters through the ventilation system or with the fuel and grows inside the tank. This leads to leakage and can result in structural failure.

VI. Scan the table below to find the answer to these questions:

1.What color is the corrosion product on nickel-base alloys?

2.Which alloys are most susceptible to pitting?

3.What does CRES refer to?

4.When is chromium susceptible to pitting?

5.What is Inconnel?

6.Which alloys have the highest resistant to corrosion?

7.What is the difference in appearance between corrosion on aluminium alloys and corrosion on copper base alloys?

8.Which CRES is more corrosion resistant?

9.What visible signs are there of corrosion in titanium alloys?

10.Name two alloys subject to intergranular corrosion.

Nature and appearance of corrosion products (Aircraft Engineering)

Alloys	Types of attack to which alloys is susceptible	Appearance of corrosion products
Aluminium alloys	Surface pitting, intergranular	White or grey powder
Titanium alloys	Highly corrosion resistant. Extended or repeated	No visible corrosion products
	contact with chlorinated solvents may result in
	degradation of the metal’s structural properties
Magnesium alloys	Highly susceptible to pitting	White powdery snow-like mounds,
		and white spots on surface
Low alloy steels	Surface oxidation and pitting, surface and inter-	Reddish-brown oxide (rust)
(4000–8000 series)	granular
Corrosion resistant	Intergranular corrosion (due to improper heat	Corrosion evidenced by rough
steel (CRES) (300-	treatment). Some tendency to pitting in marine	surface; sometimes by red, brown,
400 series)	environment (300 series more corrosion resistant	or black stain
	than 400 series). Stress corrosion cracking
Nickel-base alloys	Generally have good corrosion-resistant qualities.	Green powdery deposit
(Inconel)	Sometimes susceptible to pitting
Copper-base alloy,	Surface and intergranular corrosion	Blue or blue-green powder deposit
brass, bronze
Chromium (used as	Subject to pitting in chloride environments	Chromium, being cathodic to steel,
a wear resistant plat-		does not corrode itself, but pro-
ing for steels)		motes rusting of steel where pits
		occur in the coating
	‘Data briefs: Corrosion of Materials’, Design Engineering

VII. Make a brief class discussion about different metals and alloys. Reporters should prepare a short description / presentation on one of the metals or alloys according to:

a)processes a metal / an alloy is subjected to;

b)properties a metal / an alloy has;

c)where a metal / an alloy is applied.

Use the presentation structure (Part I Unit 6) and clichés (Appendix 2).

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Words and word combinations to the part II

	Metals
1. actuator n	привод
2. adherent adj	сцепленный
3. affect v	влиять
4. alloying n	легирование
5. annealing n	отжиг, отпуск
6. apply v	применять
7. arrangement n	расположение
8. avoid v	избегать
9. bearing properties	свойства нести нагрузку
10. bend v	гнуть
11. beverage n	напиток
12. billet n	заготовка
13. brass n	латунь
14. can n	консервная банка
15. cast v	отливать
16. cast iron n	чугун
17. clamp n	зажим
18. coarse adj	грубый, крупный
19. composition n	состав
20. contract v	сжимать
21. corrode v	разъедать, ржаветь
22. cracking n	растрескивание
23. creep n	ползучесть
24. crevice corrosion	щелевая коррозия
25. damp adj	влажный, сырой
26. dense adj	плотный
27. depend v	зависеть
28. deterioration n	повреждение, износ
29. detract v	вычитать, приуменьшать
30. dimension n	измерение, размеры
31. directional adj	направленный
32. draw v	волочить, тянуть
33. drawback n	недостаток, изъян
34. ductile adj	эластичный, ковкий
35. dump v	выгружать
36. edge n	край
37. eliminate v	ликвидировать
38. elongated adj	удлиненный
39. exhibit v	проявлять
40. expand v	расширять
41. extrusion n	экструзия, выдавливание
42. finished adj	обработанный
43. flaws n, pl	недостатки кристаллической решетки
44. forming operation	операция штампования
45. foundry n	литейный цех; литейный завод
46. fracture n, v	разрушение, ломать
47. fretting corrosion	коррозия при трении
48. galvanic / bimetallic corrosion	контактная коррозия

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49. gap n	зазор, промежуток
50. general / surface corrosion	поверхностная коррозия
51. give off phrv	выделять
52. grain n	зерно
53. grip v	схватывать
54. hammer v	ковать
55. head of a nail	головка гвоздя
56. hollow adj	полый
57. humidity n	влажность
58. inclusion n	включение
59. inherent adj	свойственный, присущий
60. inner adj	внутренний
61. immerse v	погружать
62. impact n	удар
63. impurity n	примесь
64. interaction n	взаимодействие
65. intergranular corrosion	межкристаллитная коррозия
66. intermediate adj	промежуточный
67. intervene v	вмешиваться
68. investigation n	исследование, изучение
69. lead n	свинец
70. malleable adj	ковкий, податливый
71. manganese n	марганец
72. media n	среда; материал
73. melt v	плавить
74. metallurgy n	металлургия
75. microbiological corrosion	микробиологическая коррозия
76. mild steel n	мягкая сталь
77. mould n	форма (для отливки)
78. open-die forging	ковка в открытом штампе
79. orifice n	отверстие
80. oxide film	оксидная пленка
81. piston n	поршень
82. pitting corrosion	точечная коррозия
83. plasticity n	пластичность
84. porosity n	пористость
85. property n	свойство
86. protective finish	защитное покрытие
87. pull v	тянуть
88. pure adj	чистый; беспримесный
89. quenching n	закалка
90. ram n	пуансон; плунжер
91. red heat	температура красного каления
92. resilient adj	упругий; эластичный
93. refining n	очищение
94. resist v	сопротивляться
95. restrain v	ограничивать, сдерживать
96. rolling n	прокатка
97. regularly adv	регулярно, правильно
98. rust proof	нержавеющий

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99. rusty adj	ржавый
100. segregate v	разделять
101. separation n	разделение
102. shortcoming n	нехватка, отсутствие, недостаток
103. silicon v	кремний
104. slide v	скользить
105. spring n, v	пружина, пружинить
106. stainless adj	нержавеющий
107. strain hardening	деформационное упрочнение
108. stress corrosion	коррозия под напряжением
109. strip n	планка, рейка
110. subject v	подвергать
111. supply v	снабжать, поставлять
112. tempering n	отпуск после закалки, нормализация
113. tensile ductility	пластичность при растяжении
114. thinning n	утончение
115. transformer core	сердечник трансформатора
116. transverse adj	поперечный
117. trapped adj	заключенный
118. tungsten n	вольфрам
119. undergo v	подвергаться
120. valve n	клапан
121. vessel n	сосуд, котел
122. weaken v	ослабевать
123. wire drawing	волочение проволоки

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PART III. PLASTICS

Unit 1

Read the text:

The Plastic Age

It’s in our homes. It’s the most common material in the workplace. Sometimes it’s even in our bodies. We may be moving into the Information age, but it’s hard to believe that we are not living in the Plastic Age.

The very name “plastic” means versatility. You can bend it, mold it, model it, twist it and ply it in a number of different ways. The finished product can be soft and airy foam. In its many forms, plastic has forever changed the way we live.

The first in the long line of man-made plastics was called Bakelite, after its inventor, Leo Baekeland. Many years of work in his chemistry lab in Yonkers, New York, led him in 1907 to the invention of the first synthetic polymer (plastic), made by linking small molecules together to make large ones.

Baekeland made his new material by mixing the carbolic acid (phenol) with the strongsmelling formaldehyde to make a third material that was nothing like the original two. It turned out to be a substance that would change the world.

Some of the early uses for plastic were to make things like radio cabinets, buttons, billiard balls, airplane parts and, the object of Baekeland’s research, shellac. Baekeland’s trick was to take the resin produced by the two chemicals and heat it under pressure to produce a soft solid that could be molded and hardened or powdered and set under pressure. With this innovation, the plastic revolution was under way.

Plastics provide a very necessary and important role in society, not only through energy savings in construction, but making leisure more enjoyable and affordable, enabling communications and supporting a revolution in health care needs.

Plastic is essential for thousands of applications from life-saving medical devices like blood bags, heart valves and hip joints to the packaging which protects manufactured goods from damage and preserves our food — saving on waste and helping keep retail prices down. Plastic is also essential in every aspect of modern living, providing us with the means to communicate in products ranging from mobile phones to lightweight laptops.

Assignments:

I. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.Why is it hard to believe that we are not living in the Plastic Age?

2.What can you do with plastic?

3.Who invented the first synthetic polymer?

4.What is the process of making plastic?

5.What is the Baekeland’s trick?

6.What are the properties of plastics?

7.What are the first man-made plastics?

8.What are the early / modern uses of plastic?

II. Translate these words and phrases into Russian:

Heat under pressure; providing us with the means; carbolic acid; health care needs; synthetic polymer; strong-smelling formaldehyde; workplace; trick; man-made plastics; energy savings in construction; essential in every aspect of modern living; finished product; turned out to be a substance; lightweight laptops; versatility; soft solid; under way; protect manufactured goods from damage; chemistry lab.

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III. Paraphrase the following sentences, using simple language:

1.We may be moving into the Information age, but it’s hard to believe that we are not living in the Plastic Age.

2.Plastics provide a very necessary and important role in society, not only through energy savings in construction, but making leisure more enjoyable and affordable, enabling communications and supporting a revolution in health care needs.

3.Many years of work in his chemistry lab in Yonkers, New York, led him in 1907 to the invention of the first synthetic polymer (plastic), made by linking small molecules together to make large ones.

4.Baekeland made his new material by mixing the carbolic acid (phenol) with the strong-smelling formaldehyde to make a third material that was nothing like the original two.

IV. Say whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1.Leo Baekeland invented the second synthetic polymer.

2.We are moving only in the Information Age.

3.You can do almost everything with the plastic.

4.Plastic will change the world.

5.Baekeland’ trick was to produce a soft solid.

V. Ask general questions to these sentences:

1.It’s the most common material in the workplace.

2.The very name “plastic” means versatility.

3.We may be moving into the Information age.

VI. Ask special questions to the following sentences:

1.Plastic has forever changed the way we live.

2.Many years of work in his chemistry lab in Yonkers, New York, led Leo Baekeland in 1907 to the invention of the first synthetic polymer (plastic), made by linking small molecules together to make large ones.

3.Some of the early uses for plastic were to make things like radio cabinets, buttons, billiard balls, airplane parts and, the object of Baekeland’s research, shellac.

VII. Make up in English an obtaining scheme of: a) bakelite; b) shellac.

Initial material → process → result → properties

VIII. Read the text. Divide the text into paragraphs. Speak about plastics using your own plan as well as the following phrases:

This article is about / the author of the article speaks about … 2. I’d like to call your attention to … 3. One should mention that … 4. It’s interesting to point out that … 5. One should comment upon this question / problem … 6. So / besides / moreover / that is why … 7. On the one hand / on the other hand … 8. In conclusion, I can say that … 9. Considering all the facts …

Plastics

Plastics are large and varied group of materials consisting of combinations of carbon and oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and other organic and inorganic elements. While solid in its finished state, a plastic is at some stage in its manufacture, liquid and capable of being formed into various shapes. Forming is usually done through the application either singly or together, of heat and pressure. There are over 40 different families of plastics in commercial use today, and each may have dozens of subtypes and variations.

A successful design in plastics is always a compromise among highest performance, attractive appearance, efficient production, and lowest cost. Achieving the best compromise re-

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quires satisfying the mechanical requirements of the part, utilizing the most economical resin or compound that will perform satisfactorily, and choosing a manufacturing process compatible with the part design and material choice.

Most people have now outgrown the impression that plastics are low cost substitute materials. Those that still view plastics as cheap and unreliable have not kept up with developments in polymer technology for the past ten years.

Many plastics did indeed evolve as replacements for natural products such as rubber, ivory or wood, which became unavailable or on short supply. But the new materials did not necessarily replace the older ones permanently nor made them obsolete. In many cases, they met an increased demand that could not be met by the natural product alone.

Today’s engineering resins and compounds serve in the most demanding environments. Their toughness, lightness, strength, and corrosion resistance have won many significant applications for these materials in transportation, industrial and consumer products. The engineering plastics are now challenging the domains traditionally held by metals: truly load bearing, structural parts.

Unit 2

I.Look at the pictures of plastic products. Discuss why plastic has been chosen for each

of these items?

EXAMPLE:

Plastics are used for fuel tanks because they are resistant to chemicals. Fuel tanks have to be strong and last a long time, and plastics are durable.

II. Make a list of the properties of plastics that make them suitable materials for such a wide range of products.

III. CD Tape-3. Listening. “The History and Properties of Plastics”

1)What were the first plastics made from? What are plastics produced from today?

2)Listen to two Technology students talking about plastics. As you listen, complete the table of raw materials and the plastics made from them.

Raw material	Plastic
1. cellulose	_________________
2. ______________and _______________	Polyethylene, nylon, polyester
3. starch from plants (e. g. wheat)	_________________

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3) Listen again and note the advantages and problems with each of the different types of plastic, as well as recycled plastic — 4.

Advantages	Problems
1.	1.
2.	2.
3.	3.
4.	4.

Read the text:

Thermoplastics

Types of Plastics (Part I)

Plastics are non-metallic, synthetic, carbon-based materials. They can be molded, shaped, or extruded into flexible sheets, films, or fibers. Plastics are synthetic polymers. Polymers consist of long-chain molecules made of large numbers of identical small molecules (monomers). The chemical nature of a plastic is defined by the monomer (repeating unit) that makes up the chain of the polymer. Polyethene is a polyolefin; its monomer unit is ethane (formerly called ethylene). Other categories are acrylics (such as polymethylmethacrylate), styrenes (such as polystyrene), vinys (such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC)), polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides (such as nylons), polyethers, acetals, phenolics, cellulosics, and amino resins. The molecules can be natural-like cellulose, wax, and natural rubber — or synthetic — in polyethene and nylon. In co-polymers, more than one monomer is used. The giant molecules of which polymers consist may be linear, branched, or cross-linked, depending on the plastic. Linear and branched molecules are thermoplastic (soften when heated), whereas cross-linked molecules are thermosetting (harden when heated).

Most plastics are synthesized from organic chemicals or from natural gas or coal. Plastics are lightweight compared to metals and are good electrical insulators. The best insulators now are epoxy resins and Teflon. Teflon or polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) was first made in 1938 and was produced commercially in 1950.

Plastics can be classified into several broad types.

Thermoplastics soften on heating, and then harden again when cooled. Thermoplastics molecules are also coiled and because of this they are flexible and easily stretched.

Typical example of thermoplastics is polystyrene. Polystyrene resins are characterized by high resistance to chemical and mechanical stresses at low temperatures and by very low absorption of water. These properties make the polystyrenes especially suitable for radiofrequency insulation and for parts used at low temperatures in refrigerators and in airplanes. PET (polythene terephthalate) is a transparent thermoplastic used for soft-drinks bottles. Thermoplastics are also viscoelastic, that is, they flow (creep) under stress. Examples are polythene, polystyrene and PVC.

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Thermosetting plastics (thermosets) do not soften when heated, and with strong heating they decompose. In most thermosets final cross-linking, which fixes the molecules, takes place after the plastic has already been formed.

Thermosetting plastics have a higher density than thermoplastics. They are less flexible, more difficult to stretch, and are less subjected to creep. Examples of thermosetting plastics include urea-formaldehyde or polyurethane and epoxy resins, most polyesters, and phenolic polymers such as phenol-formaldehyde resin.

Elastomers are similar to thermoplastics but have sufficient cross-linking between molecules to prevent stretching and creep.

Assignments:

IV. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.What is the basic chemical element in plastic formula?

2.What do polymers consist of?

3.What are the main types of polymers?

4.Which plastics are the best electrical insulators?

5.Describe the difference between thermoplastics and thermosets.

6.What are the main types of structures of polymers?

7.Give the examples of various uses of plastics because of their characteristic properties.

V. Find the English equivalents in the text:

Синтетические полимеры; молекулы с длинными цепями; характерные свойства полимера; синтезируются из органических химических веществ; хороший электрический изолятор; размягчаться при нагревании; затвердевать при охлаждении; гибкий и легко растяжимый; течь под нагрузкой; более высокая плотность; менее подвержены ползучести; достаточная взаимосвязь между молекулами.

VI. Say whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):

1.Polymers consist of long-chain molecules made of large numbers of not similar mono-

mers.

2.Thermosets always soften when heated and decompose with strong heating.

3.The molecules may be of two kinds.

4.Practically all plastics are synthesized from inorganic chemicals.

5.Thermoplastics and elastomers are similar but the latter has sufficient cross-linking between molecules.

6.Teflon was first made in XIX century.

7.The basic chemical element in plastics is carbon.

VII. Match the adjectives and nouns as they go in the text:

1. radio-frequency	a) molecules;
2. small	b) sheets;
3. transparent	c) insulation;
4. carbon-based	d) heating;
5. branched	e) materials;
6. epoxy	f) nature;
7. flexible	g) resins;
8. strong	h) resistance;
9. chemical	i) molecules;
10. high	j) thermoplastic.

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VIII. Some words are often used together. Fill the gaps in sentences 1-6 with a word from the list that often goes with the word in bold.

appliances	industry	moulding
components	materials	process

1.Oil and natural gas are the main raw ___ used in the production of plastics.

2.Compression moulding is one example of a production ___ .

3.Plastics are used in the production of a wide range of household ___ .

4.Reinforced plastics are a major building material in the construction __ .

5.The car industry uses high-precision ___ in their vehicles.

6.The majority of plastics are manufactured using injection ___ .

IX. Translate the following sentences into English, using the information from the text:

1.Длинные цепи молекул полимеров состоят из одинаковых небольших молекул мономеров.

2.Сополимеры состоят из двух и более мономеров.

3.Пластмассы можно получать в виде листов, тонких пленок, волокон или гранул.

4.Молекулы полимеров могут быть линейными, ветвящимися или с поперечными связями.

5.Малый вес пластмасс и хорошие электроизоляционные свойства позволяют использовать их в радиоэлектронике и электроприборах, а также вместо приборов.

6.Молекулы термопластов имеют извитую форму и, поэтому, они гибкие и легко растяжимы.

7.Эластомеры имеют большое число поперечных связей между молекулами.

Unit 3

Read the text:

Types of Plastics (Part II)

1.Epoxy resin.

Epoxy resin is a thermoset plastic containing epoxy groups. Epoxy resin hardens when it is mixed with solidifier and plasticizer. Plasticizers make a polymer more flexible.

Epoxy resins have outstanding adhesion, toughness, and resistance to attack from chemicals. They form strong bonds and have excellent electrical insulation properties. Large, complex, void-free castings can be made from them. They are also used as adhesives, and in composites for boat building and sports equipment.

2. PVC (polyvinyl chloride).

PVC is a thermoplastic polymer made from vinyl chloride is a colourless solid with outstanding resistance to water, alcohols, and concentrated acids and alkalis. It is obtainable as granules, solutions, lattices, and pastes. When compounded with plasticizers, it yields a flexible material more durable than rubber. It is widely used for cable and wire insulation, in chemical plants, and in the manufacture of protective garments. Blow moulding of unplasticized PVC produces clear, tough bottles, which do not affect the flavour of their contents. PVC is also used for production of tubes or pipes.

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