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tems of the 19th and early 20th centuries with which, for instance, Henry Ford’s first factories assembled cars. In this system parts move from one part of the factory to another one on an automatic conveyer. But people have to be present. They stand next to the lines to fit things onto the parts as they move past.

Finally, the sixth kind of mechanization is truly automatic devices, such as transfer lines, computer controlled machine tools, and robots.

So to get a strict definition of automation, we can say: automation = mechanization + automatic control.

Assignments:

II. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.Give the definition of the term “mechanization”.

2.What are the main stages of mechanization described in the text?

3.What are power, action and control?

4.In what types of mechanization should a person be present?

5.What is the formula of automation?

III. According to the text fill in the table:

	Mechanization			Mechanization with automatic control
Without	With	With			With
	Controllable	Incontrollable		Automatic
Mechanical					Semi-automatic	Automation
	Mechanical	Mechanical		Devices
Power					Control
	Power	Power
1.	1.	1.	1.		1.	1.
2. Horse and cart		2.				2.
						3. Robots

IV. Translate English phrases into Russian:

To be responsible for both power and action; mechanized devices; first factories assembled cars; windand watermills; semi-automatic equipment; truly automatic devices; inanimate power source; computer controlled machine tools; cut a piece of metal automatically; three fundamental elements; save the human body from doing something.

V. Match the English terms (column A) and their definitions (column B):

A	B
1. to mechanize	a) any of various processing or manufacturing machines, esp. one that grinds, presses, or
	rolls;
2. typing	b) a building or group of buildings containing a plant assembly for the manufacture of
	goods;
3. car	c) any automated machine programmed to perform specific mechanical functions in the
	manner of a man;
4. mill	d) the skill of using a typewriter quickly and accurately;
5. device	e) a device, usually electronic, that processes data according to a set of instructions;
6. equipment	f) a machine or tool used for a specific task;
7. factory	g) to use a machine to do smth that used that used to be done by hand;
8. computer	h) the use of methods for controlling industrial processes automatically, esp. by electron-
	ically controlled systems, often reducing manpower;
9. robot	i) a self-propelled road vehicle designed to carry passengers, esp. one with four wheels
	that is powered by an internal-combustion engine;
10. automation	j) an act or instance of equipping.

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VI.	CD Tape-5. 1) Before you listen to Jaako Ikonen, Senior Manufacturing Systems
Engineer, mind the unknown words and phrases and answer the following questions:
Words and word combinations to be remembered:
1. go through the roof		неожиданно резко увеличиваться
2. software n		программное обеспечение
3. mechatronics n		мехатроника (соединение оборудования с миникомпьютерами)
4. enzyme n		фермент
5. blood glucose level		уровень глюкозы в крови
6. drop of blood		капля крови
7. contamination n		загрязнение
8. incredibly adv		невероятно
9. vision n		зрение
10. error n		ошибка
11. innovative adj		инновационный

1.What do you think Jaako’s responsibility is?

2.One of his products involves biosensors. What do you think a biosensor is?

3.What do you think is the difference between mechanization and automation?

2)Listen and check the answers.

3)Listen again to find the answers to these questions:

1.What did he study at college?

2.Why did the mobile phone company need to automate?

3.What does a blood glucose monitor do?

4.Why must the process of manufacturing the monitors be automated?

5.Describe the work of robots.

6.What main qualities must a systems engineer have to succeed in his field?

Unit 2

I. 1) Work in small groups. What could these robots be used for? Compare answers with other students and give reasons to support your answers.

2) Think of other types of robots used in different fields of engineering.

Asimo Robot

Urbie Robot

Mars Rover Robot

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Read the text:

Robots — Moving, Powering, Feeling, and Thinking

The word “robot” was first used by Czech playwright Karel Čapek, who in 1920 wrote a drama about machines that could move like human beings — and do their work. Today this idea has become a reality. Industrial robots now being manufactured perform certain tasks even better than a human being. We are thus at the threshold of the era of robots — what might be called a “robolution”.

There are six categories of robots:

1)the manual manipulator, remotely controlled by a person, which carries out hand-and arm functions to hold and move objects;

2)the fixed-sequence robot, which performs a series of operations in present order, always in the same series of locations in space;

3)the variable-sequence robot, which operates in the same manner as a fixed-sequence robot but can easily be reprogrammed for a different sequence of operations;

4)the playback robot, which repeats a sequence of movements and operations that are first “taught” by manual movement of a manipulator and stored in the robot’s memory unit;

5)the numerically controlled robot, which moves from one position to another according to numerical instructions in such forms as punched paper tapes or cards;

6)the intelligent robot, an advanced type that can decide its course of action on the basis of its sensing devices and analytical capability.

Robots have five basic components: a movable structure, a motor, a power source, a sensory system, and a processor. The entire robot may move, on legs in the case of Honda’s Asimo, on wheels, or on caterpillar tracks in the case of Urbie, or only one part may move, such as the arm of an industrial robot.

The motor provides the physical power to move the structure. It may be electric, pneumatic, or some form of heat engine. All motors require a source of power. In the case of mobile robots, the usual source is battery. The problem with batteries is that they are heavy and run down quite quickly, although there are robots which use biological fuel which they collect as they move.compressed air, in tanks for mobile robots or directly from a compressor for fixed robots, is the power source for pneumatic systems.

In the same way that humans depend on sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch to make sense of the world, robots require a sensory system in order to function. Sensors feed information to the processor. The information provided depends on the function of the robot. Location is important for most robots. Industrial robots must be capable of placing items or performing actions in exactly the right place. With some robots, location is controlled by placing electronic tracks for the robot to follow. Container handling in ports can be done by robotic vehicles following such tracks.

Heat sensors may be important for robots working in extreme conditions. Sensors which measure the pressure exerted by robot arms or pincers are important for robots which pick up or handle delicate items. For robots which walk or climb upstairs, information on weight distribution and balance is important. Robots which look for some types of explosive need sensors which can detect chemical smells. Robots which have to navigate over unfamiliar ground, such as the Mars Rover, have digital cameras to help them identify obstacles and select navigable routes.

The brain of a robot is the processor. It controls the operation of the robot. It is programmed to allow the robot to carry out a serious of actions and to respond to feedback from the sensory system.

Assignments:

II. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.What is the origin of the word “robot”?

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2.Why are we at the threshold of the robots’ era?

3.What categories of robots are mentioned in the text?

4.What are the differences between Asimo Robot, Urbie Robot, Mars Rover Robot?

5.What types of motors can in the robot be installed?

6.Why is location so important for most robots?

7.What sensors must robots be provided with operating in extreme conditions?

8.What is the function of the processor in a robot?

III. Translate Russian words and phrases into English:

Сенсорная система; распределение веса; последовательность действий; перфорированная бумага; экстремальные условия; выполнять серию действий; батареи — очень тяжелые и выходят из строя очень быстро; распознавать химические запахи; проходимый маршрут; аналитическая способность; биологическое топливо; распознавать преграды / препятствия.

IV. According to key words guess the type or the component of a robot :

1.This robot is reprogrammed for a different sequence of operations;

2.It controls the operation of a robot;

3.It can be electric, pneumatic, or some form of heat engine;

4.The main function of this robot is to hold and move objects;

5.They are important for robots which pick up or handle delicate items;

6.This robot is moved on caterpillar tracks.

7.It is the power source for pneumatic systems.

V. 1) Render the text in English.

2) Title the text.

Официально, ASIMO — сокращение от Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, но по неофициальной версии имя это напоминает о знаменитом фантасте и футурологе Айзеке Азимове. Робот-андроид весит 54 кг, имеет рост 1,3 м и может развивать скорость до 6 км/ч.

Первая версия ASIMO была представлена в 2000 г. , последняя — в 2005-м; новая версия стала немного крупнее и тяжелее. На сегодня произведено чуть меньше 50-ти этих роботов, которые можно даже взять в аренду (около 14 тыс. долларов в месяц). Каждый из них обошелся менее, чем в миллион долларов, но купить их нельзя ни за какие деньги.

Современная версия ASIMO способна:

•Распознавать движущиеся объекты — например, следить за вашим передвижением по комнате;

•Распознавать жесты и выполнять заданные команды, соответствующие тому или иному жесту;

•Распознавать окружение, не натыкаться на стены, обходить предметы и остерегаться лестниц;

•Различать звуки, выделяя из шума человеческие голоса и одновременно воспринимая до 3-х;

•Узнавать лица — даже во время движения, числом до 10-ти;

•Пользоваться Интернетом и локальными сетями: общаться через телефон или домофон;

•Переносить легкие предметы;

•А главное — ASIMO может ходить (на скорости до 2,7 км/ч) и даже бегать (по прямой — 6 км/ч).

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Все это не раз позволяло разработчикам, чуть модифицировав робота, демонстрировать его возможности заниматься разными вполне человеческими делами — встречать гостей, работать официантом, дирижировать оркестром и даже играть в футбол.

«Популярная механика»

Use the words and phrases given below:

Сокращение — abbreviation; напоминать — remind; фантаст и футуролог — sciencefiction writer and futurologist; распознавать движущиеся объекты — identify moving objects; окружение — environment; выделять из шума — single out from noise; узнавать лица — recognize faces; локальная сеть — local area network; домофон — on-door speakerphone; дирижировать оркестром — conduct an orchestra.

Unit 3

Robotic Vacuum Cleaner

I. CD Tape-6. 1) Before you listen a short talk by a Sales Rep at a trade fair about how a robotic vacuum cleaner works, mind the unknown words and phrases:

Words and word combinations to be remembered:

1. dimension sensor	датчик размеров
2. infrared signal	инфракрасный (ИК) сигнал
3. reflect v	отражать
4. infrared receiver	приемник ИК-диапазона
5. bumper n	бампер; буфер
6. cliff sensor	датчик уклона
7. detect v	обнаруживать, выявлять

2) Listen and note down information about the types of sensors the robotic vacuum cleaner uses:

Sensors	Notes
dimension sensors
object sensors
cliff sensors
wall sensors
dirt sensors

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Read the text:

Industrial Robots

Modern industrial robots are true marvels of engineering. A robot that the size of a person is can easily carry a load over one hundred pounds and move it very quickly with a repeatability of +/-0. 006 inches. Furthermore these robots can do that 24 hours a day for years on end with no failures whatsoever. Though they are reprogrammable, in many applications (particularly those in the auto industry) they are programmed once and then repeat that exact same task for years.

The tools that the robot uses combined with the cost of programming the robot form the major percentage of the cost. That's why robots in the auto industry are rarely reprogrammed. If they are going to go to the expense of deploying a robot for another task, then they may as well use a new robot.

Fanuc Industrial Robot

Adept Technology Industrial Robot

This is pretty much the typical machine people think of when they think of industrial robots. Fanuc makes this particular robot. Fanuc is a Japanese electromechanical manufacturer specializing in robotics. It is the largest maker of this type of robots in the world and they are almost always yellow. This robot has six independent joints, also called six degrees of freedom. The reason for this is that arbitrarily placing a solid body in space requires six parameters; three to specify the location (x, y, z for example) and three to specify the orientation (roll, yaw, and pitch for example).

If you look closely you will see two cylindrical pistons on the side of the robot. These cylinders contain "anti-gravity" springs that are a big part of the reason robots like these can carry such heavy loads. These springs counter-balance against gravity similar to the way the springs on the garage door make it much easier for a person to lift.

The second industrial robot is made by an American company, Adept Technology. Adept is America's largest robot company and the world's leading producer of SCARA robots. This is actually the most common industrial robot. SCARA stands for Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Arm. The robot has three joints in the horizontal plane that give it x-y positioning and orientation parallel to the plane. There is one linear joint that supplies the z positioning. This is the typical "pick and place" robot. When combined with a vision system it can move product from conveyor belt to package at a very high rate of speed.

The robot's joint structure allows it to be compliant (or soft) to forces in the horizontal plane. This is important for "peg in hole" type applications where the robot will actually flex to make up for inaccuracies and allow very tight part fits.

Assignments:

II. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.What is the main purpose of an industrial robot’s work?

2.Why are robots in the auto industry rarely reprogrammed?

3.What is Fanuc?

4.What is SCARA?

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III.Translate these words and phrases from English into Russian:

Marvel; six independent joints; the most common industrial robot; two cylindrical pistons; horizontal plane; at a very high rate of speed; linear joint; reprogrammable; electromechanical manufacturer; "pick and place" robot; carry heavy loads; make up for inaccuracies; failure; solid body in space requires six parameters; move product from conveyor belt to package; be rarely reprogrammed.

IV. Fill in the table according to the text:

Industrial robots

Make / Country	Description	Application
1.
2.

V. According to the text (“Industrial Robots”), the table (Assignments 4), the presentation structure (Part I Unit 6) and clichés (Appendix 2) make a short presentation on one of the industrial robots.

VI. 1) Work in groups and design one of these robots:

a)a robot-helper for old people;

b)a robot pet animal;

c)a robot fruit picker.

2) Decide together:

a)the actions the robot should be able to perform;

b)how it will move from place to place;

c)the power source it will use;

d)the sensors it will need;

e)its approximate size and weight.

3) This site may help you when looking for ideas: http://www.bbc. co.uk/science/robots/techlab/sub_selector. shtml

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Unit 4

I.1) Match the examples of computer use in column A with the areas of application in

column B. More than one answer is possible:
A	B
1. monitoring the safety of each stage in the process
2. using barcodes to identify items and prices
3. calculating the exact distance to a target
4. controlling the temperature of a washing machine	hospital
5. monitoring the life signs of a patient	airport
6. identifying an employee by his or her voice	supermarket
7. producing scale models of new designs	design
8. warning when the aircraft are too close	security
9. checking the finished vehicle for defects by robots with sensors	library
10. keeping a record of all borrowings	the home
11. checking credit cards used for payments	engineering

12.calculating the stress on a workpiece

13.storing employee records

14.analysing blood tests

2)Now list the uses for computers in the area you are familiar with.

Read the text:

Generations of Computers

The first computers used thousands of separate electrical components connected together with wires. In the late 1940s, computers were called first generation computers.

In 1956, transistors were invented. Transistors are made from materials called semiconductors. Computers using transistors were called second generation computers. Second generation computers were smaller than first generation computers and consumed less electrical power. They were very expensive.

Computer components (such as transistors, diodes, resistors) can now be made from semiconductor materials of different shapes. Nowadays, complete circuits can be made from a single piece of semiconductor, called a chip. Such circuits are called integrated circuits (IC’s). Computers using IC’s were first produced in the 1960s. They were known as third generation computers. Their IC’s had about 200 components on a single chip. Today, we can produce more that 100. 000 components on a single chip. A chip can be as small as 0. 5 cm square.

With the invention of chips, computer manufacture has become much simpler. The manufacturer does not have to connect thousands of components together. Most of the connections are made inside the chip. It is even possible to build a complete processor in a single chip. A processor on a single chip is called a microprocessor.

Computers are used nowadays for many kinds of work, e. g. in offices, banks, factories, hospitals, universities and schools. Their use is becoming more widespread as cheaper and smaller computers become available. People can now buy laptops. What are computers? And what can they be used for? Computers are electronic systems used for handling facts and figures. The facts and figures processed by a computer are usually known as data, computers can process large amounts of data very quickly.

The data fed, or put, into a computer is input data. Input data is processed according to a set of instructions called a program. Both input data programs are needed for processing. The

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results of processing are output data. Very often, the output data is new and useful information. “Information” here means output data useful for making decisions.

A computer can be used to process many different types of data. For example, a scientist can use a computer to do numerical calculations. A businessman can use a computer to analyze a list of customers or stock (stores held by the business). An engineer can use a computer to produce diagrams or plans.

Assignments:

II. General understanding. Answer the questions:

1.What computers were connected together with during the first generation computers?

2.What were the main differences between the computer generations of 50s and 60s?

3.Which component made the computer manufacturing much simpler?

4.What are the computers used for?

5.What is data? Input / output data? Program?

6.What is “information” in the computer?

III. Find the terms in the text that mean the same as the following definitions:

1.metal drawn out into the form of a thin flexible thread or rod (para 1);

2.a semiconductor device with three connections (para 2);

3.a system of electrical conductors and components forming such a path (para 3);

4.another name for central processing unit (para 4);

5.small personal computer (para 5);

6.information (para 6);

7.expressed in numbers or relating to numbers (para 7).

IV. What questions could you ask to get these answers:

1.Transistors are made from materials called semiconductors.

2.With the invention of chips, computer manufacture has become much simpler.

3.Computers using IC’s were known as third generation computers.

V. Fill in the gaps using the words in italics:

a) Acceptance, accept, accepted, acceptable, acceptably

1. A computer is a device which … process and gives out information. 2. The students are still waiting for their … into the Computer Science program. 3. It is … to work without a template if the flowcharts are not kept on file.

b) Solution, solve, solvable, solver

1. It may take a lot of time to find a … to a complex problem in programming. 2. A computer can … a problem faster than any human being. 3. A computer has often been referred to as a problem … .

c) Calculation, calculate, calculating, calculated, calculator, calculable, calculus

1. A computer can do many kinds of … quickly and accurately. 2 A computer can … numbers much faster than a manual … 3. Some problems aren’t … without logarithm tables.

d) Communication, communicate, communicable, communicative, communicably

1. A computer must be able to … with the user. 2. Fiber optics is a new development in the field of … . 3. Some people working in computer installations aren’t very … because they are shy.

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VI. 1) Match the verbs in column A and the nouns in column B. They are often used together:

A	B
click on	a menu
calculate	an icon
download	a page
display	pictures
create	the web
scroll up / down	costs
surf	a new document
select from	information

2) Use the phrases from 1) to fill the gaps in the following sentences:

1.You can select from the … to choose which application you need.

2.Click on the … for Power point to prepare a presentation.

3.Scroll down the … until you find the information you need.

4.She created … to keep track of software updates.

5.Spreadsheets are used to calculate … .

6.I normally spending at least one hour a day surfing … .

7.You can download … from your camera.

8.Flat screens around the airport display … on all arrivals and departures.

VII. 1) Render the text. Use the following phrases:

1. This article is about / the author of the article speaks about … 2. I’d like to call your attention to … 3. One should mention that … 4. It’s interesting to point out that … 5. One should comment upon this question / problem … 6. So / besides / moreover / that is why … 7. On the one hand / on the other hand … 8. In conclusion, I can say that … 9. Considering all the facts …

2) Title the text.

Computer systems may be discussed in two parts.

The first part is hardware — the physical, electronic, and electromechanical devices that are thought of and recognized as “computers”. The hardware consists of Central Processing Unit (CPU), input devices and output devices. The CPU is made up of a processor and a main memory, or main store. The processor carries out, or executes, instructions in the program. The main memory stores input data and the program needed by the processor. The main memory also holds output data, or the results of processing.

Input devices are used to provide data for the CPU. The keyboard is a common data input device. By using a keyboard, a user can enter data directly into the computer system. Data is sometimes entered on cards. The cards are read by an input device called a card reader. Data is often input from a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc. A mass storage device has a much larger capacity than main memory. That is, it can store more data. The tapes or discs are read by an input device called a tape drive or a disc drive.

Output devices receive data from the CPU. The Visual Display Unit (VDU) and printer are common output devices. The VDU is similar to a television screen. The printer produces printed output on paper. Both the VDU and printer present output data for immediate use. Sometimes, the output data is transmitted along a telephone line to another computer. Output data can also be stored for future use on a mass storage device, such as magnetic tape or magnetic disc.

Input devices, output devices and mass storage devices are collectively called Input-Output Devices (I-O Devices), or peripherals.

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