- •Joints of ribs with vertebral column and sternum
- •Joints of vertebral column
- •Bodies, arches, processes connection and intervertebral joints
- •Intervertebral joints is the joints between inferior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae(c3-s1).
- •Joints of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs
- •Joints of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs
Bodies, arches, processes connection and intervertebral joints
Bodies of vertebrae join by intervertebral discs (disci intervertebrales), and are fixed by anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments (lig. longitudinales anterius et posterius). Arches are fixed by ligamenta flava (ligg. flava). Spinous processes is fixed by supraspinous ligament(nuchal lig. in the cervical part) and interspinous ligaments (lig. interspinalia). Transverse processes is fixed by intertransverse ligaments.
Intervertebral joints is the joints between inferior and superior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae(c3-s1).
Sacrococcygeal joint join by intervertebral discs and is fixed by anterior sacrococcygeal ligament (lig. sacrococcygeum ventrale), deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament(lig. sacrococcygeum dorsale profundum), superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament(lig. sacrococcygeum dorsale superficiale), and lateral sacrococcygeal ligaments(lig. sacrococcygea lateralia). Lumbosacral join is fixed by iliolumbar ligament.
Joints of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs
Joints |
Articular surfaces |
Ligaments |
Type of joint |
Axis of movement |
Movements of a joint |
|
Sternoclavicular joint (articulatio sternoclavicularis) |
sternal articular facet of the clavicle, clavicular notch of the sternum (there is the intra-articular disc )
|
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments (lig. sternoclaviculare anterius et posterius); costoclavicular ligament (ligamentum costoclaviculare); interclavicular ligament (lig interclaviculare) |
plane, complex
|
multiaxial |
Rise and lower the clavicle, forward and backward movement of the clavicle, circumduction of the clavicle |
|
Acromioclavicular joint (articulatio acromioclavicularis)
|
clavicular facet of the acromion, acromial facet of the clavicle (there is the intra-articular disc ) |
acromioclavicular ligament (lig.acromioclaviculare); coracoclavicular ligament (lig.coracoclaviculare) is composed of trapezoid ligament (lig. trapezoideum) and conoid ligament (lig. conoideum); |
plane, complex
|
multiaxial |
Rise and lower the clavicle, forward and backward movement of the clavicle, circumduction of the clavicle |
|
Shoulder joint (articulatio humeri) |
head of the humerus, glenoid cavity of the scapula (there is a cartilaginous glenoid labrum) |
coracohumeral ligament (lig. coracohumerale); coracoacromial ligament (lig. coracoacromiale) glenohumeral ligaments (ligg. glenohumeralia) transverse humeral ligament (lig. transversum humeri) |
Ball and socket |
multiaxial |
flexion and extension of the arm, abduction up to horizontal level, adduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction
|
|
Elbow joint (articulatio cubiti) Humeroulnar joint (articulatio humeroulnaris)
|
trochlea of the humerus, trochlear notch of the ulna
|
ulnar and radial collateral ligaments (lig. collaterale ulnare et radiale); anular ligament of the radius (lig. anulare radii); square ligament (lig. quadratum) |
composite
trochoid (helical) |
uniaxial (frontal) |
flexion and extension of the forearm |
|
Humeroradial joint (articulatio humeroradialis)
|
capitulum of the humerus, articular fossa of the head of the radius |
Ball and socket |
multiaxial |
flexion and extension of the forearm, rotation |
||
Proximal radio-ulnar joint (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis |
articular circumference of the radius, radial notch of the ulna |
hinge
|
uniaxial (longitudinal) |
rotation of the forearm and hand (pronation, supination) |
||
Distal radio-ulnar joint (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis |
articular circumference of the ulna, ulnar notch of the radius (there is the intra-articular disc ) |
radius and ulna fix jointly by interosseus membrane (membrana interosea) and oblique cord (chorda obliqua) |
hinge
|
uniaxial (longitudinal) |
rotation of the forearm and hand (pronation, supination) |
|
Radiocarpal joint (articulatio radiocarpalis)
|
carpal articular surface of the radius, surfaces of proximal carpal bones (there is the intra-articular disc ) |
ulnar and radial collateral ligaments of wrist joint(lig. collaterale carpi ulnare et radiale); palmar, dorsal radiocarpal ligament (lig. radiocarpale palmare, dorsale ) |
composite, elipsoid, complex |
biaxial (saggital, frontal) |
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension of the hand |
|
Midcarpal joint (articulatio mediocarpalis)
|
articular surfaces of the proximal and distal carpal bones excepting of the pisiform bone |
radiate carpal ligament (lig. carpi radiatum); palmar, dorsal intercarpal ligaments (ligg. intercarpalia palmaria, dorsalia ); interosseous intercarpal ligament (ligg. intercarpalia interossea)
|
composite, trochoid |
uniaxial (frontal) |
flexion, extension of the hand
|
|
Intercarpal joints (articulationes intercarpales)
|
face-to-face articular surfaces of the carpal bones |
plane
|
multiaxial
|
sedentary
|
||
Pisiform joint (articulatio ossis pisiformis) |
articular surfaces of the pisiform and triquetral bone |
pisohamate ligament (lig. pisohamatum); pisometacarpal ligament (lig. pisometecarpale)
|
plane
|
multiaxial
|
sedentary
|
|
Carpometacarpal joints (articulationes carpometacarpales)
|
articular surfaces of the distal carpal bones and base of the II — V metacarpal bones |
palmar, dorsal carpometacarpal ligaments (ligg. carpometacarpalia palmaria, dorsalia );
|
plane
|
multiaxial
|
sedentary
|
|
Carpometacarpal joint of thumb (articulatio carpometacarpalis pollicis)
|
articular surfaces of the trapezium bone and base of the I metacarpal bone |
--- |
saddle
|
biaxial (saggital, frontal) |
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, opposition of the thumb
|
|
Intermetacarpal joints (articulationes intermetacarpales)
|
face-to-face articular facets of base of metacarpal bones |
palmar, dorsal metacarpal ligaments (ligg. metacarpalia palmaria, dorsalia ); interosseous metacarpal ligament (ligg. metacarpalia interossea)
|
plane
|
multiaxial
|
sedentary
|
|
Metacarpophalangeal joints (articulationes metacarpophalangeae)
|
articular surfaces of the heads of the metacarpal bones and base of the phalanges |
collateral ligaments (ligamenta collateralia); palmar ligaments (ligamenta palmaria); deep transverse metacarpal ligaments (ligg. metacarpalia transversa prfunda) |
elipsoid |
biaxial (saggital, frontal) |
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension of the fingers |
|
Interphalangeal joints (articulationes interphalangeae manus)
|
articular surfaces of the heads and bases of the adjoining phalanges |
collateral ligaments (ligamenta collateralia); palmar ligaments (ligamenta palmaria) |
hinge
|
uniaxial (frontal) |
flexion, extension of the phalanges
|