книги / Основы английской фонетики для будущих переводчиков

NB! Distinguish between the sounds. Mind their difference in length and the position of the jaws, lips and the bulk of the tongue.

[e] and [ə:] ten – turn ben – burn bed – bird head – heard west – worst

kennel – colonel

[ɔ:] and [ə:] or – er short – shirt

warm – worm torn – turn walk – work walker – worker four – fur

ward – word

[ə:] and the schwa [ə]: girl – slogan

word – forward third – awkward earn – standard word – upward work – backward

[ɔ:], [ɒ] and [ə:]. port – pot – pert short – shot – shirt torn – Tom – turn sport – spot – spurt stork – stock – Turk born – Bonn – burn pored – pod – purred

pause – because – purrs

3. Read the phrases. Look out for the sound in focus:

Every third person Every first Thursday How absurd!

All around the world Third world countries

An early bird catches the worm.

This purple shirt is the worst in the world! I have no words!

My boyfriend is a perfect nerd who makes his earnings when everyone else is yawning.

The girl heard that she came third in the World Championships as a hurdler.

We were working in the World Bank at first, then we were transferred to the Commercial Chambers in Perth.

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4. Read the dialogues.

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A:Are all your friends from University working now?

B:Nearly. Kurst is doing research work at Birmingham University, and Shirley is going to work as a nurse, in the third world, Burma or somewhere.

A:Really? That’s adventurous. What about Pearl?

B:Oh, Pearl stands really conservative. She is a

civil servant now. She and Kirk live in some suburb, somewhere.

A:And how about Dirk?

B:Oh! Haven’t you heard about Dirk? He is working in Turkey, as a windsurfing instructor. He’s learned Turkish and he’s earning a fortune – or so I’ve heard.

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Driving instructor: Take the third turning on the right. Then stop by the church. I’d like you to reverse round that corner.

Student: Yes, I certainly need to practice reversing. (stops and reverses) Instructor: Not bad. But you weren’t close enough to the curb. Turn the steering wheel further to the left.

Student: Ok. Last lesson I turned it too much, and I was too close to the curb. (tries again) Oh dear, that was worse.

Instructor: We’ll return to reversing later. Now drive on. Turn slightly by the big fir tree.

Student: I need to learn how to do an emergency stop.

Instructor: Yes, when we’ve gone a bit further. Take the first turning – mind that little girl! Well done, that was a perfect emergency stop.

PRACTICE 5

The sound [u:] – jaw is almost closed, lips pushed forward tightly into almost a whistle shape, at the same time the back of the tongue rises up towards the soft palate at the back of the mouth.

-The view is so gloomy. I’ll never get used to that gloomy view.

-Nevermind. You’ll soon get used to that gloomy view.

It won’t seem so gloomy.

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1.Read the geographic names:

Cuba – Bermuda – Peru – Honduras

2.Read the words (consult Oxford Learner’s DICTIONARY if necessary):

lose – loose – moose – smooth – soon – prove – improve – remove – move glue – cruise – bruise – shoes – womb – tomb – wound

rumour – ruthless – crucial – cruel – ruin – brutal crew – screw – shrewd

after [j]

use – muse – tube – curious – tulips – super – huge – nude – pursue – mutual

few – knew – mews – dew

NB! Distinguish between [u] and [u:]

look – Luke	rook – root
look – lose	wood, would – wooed
foot – food	should – shoot
good – food	hood – rude
pull – pool	should – shoe
full – fool	cushion – cool
put – boot	book – booth

3. Read the phrases. Look out for the sound in focus:

Ruth felt in tune with the cool of a June evening and admired the beauty of the moon.

There are quite a few music super-stars on the London tube. These new blue shoes look beautiful with a navy blue coat. A few beautiful tulips grew in the school garden.

On our cruise to Bermuda we played snooker with our schooner crew. Coolies are made from juicy fruits and sugar. What about smoothies?

4. Act out mini-dialogues. Ask the questions. Answer using /tu:/ instead of whole infinitive.

Model:

1.Did you buy fruit? – B: Fruit? Oh, I forgot to.

2.Do you go canoeing? – used

3.Could you do it by June? – try

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4.Have you passed your interview? – seem

5.Why don’t you do your room? – not want

6.Why have you painted the wall blue? – tell

7.Are you looking for a new roommate? – start

8.Do you usually book seats in advance? – not need

9.Would you and Hugh like to come on Tuesday? – love

10.Did you go out for a meal with Eugene? – not ask

11.Could I take this book for computer users from the library? – not allow

REVISION

1. Long – short vowel contrasts. Demonstrate the articulatory peculiarities of the contrasted vowels. Which contrasting sounds can you hear? Show via the phonemic chart.

Feel – fill [i:] vs [ı] Calm – come [a:] vs [ʌ] Part – pat

Bead – bid Cart – cut Lard – lad Rich – reach Calm – Cam Lark – luck Heart – hat Harms – hams

Kitchen – region Large – lodge Fool – full

Caught – cot Hurt – hut Dark – dock Stork – stock Suit – soot Turn – ton Part – pot Short – shot Luke – look Curt – cut Cord – cod Glad – card Girl – gull Balm – bomb

2. Listen to and read the poem by Charles Mackay– Practise the verse several times paying attention to the rhythm and stressed vowels. Write down each stressed vowel with phonemic symbols. Note also the presence of the schwa sound in weak positions.

[u:] [æ] [əu] [e] [u:] [eı] You have no enemies, you say? Alas, my friend, the boast is poor.

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He, who has mingled in the fray of duty that the brave endure, must have made foes,

if you have none –

small is the work that you have done. You've hit no traitor on the hip,

you've dashed no cup from perjured lip, you've never turned the wrong to right, you've been a coward in the fight.

III. ENGLISH VOWEL SOUNDS. DIPHTHONGS

[aı] my [aʊ] how [eı] lake [ɛə] chair [ʊə] tour [əʊ]/[oʊ] go [ıə] here [ɔı] joy

PRACTICE 1

Distribute the following words according to the diphthong in the stressed position:

[aı]	[aʊ]	[eı]	[ɛə] [əʊ]/[oʊ]	[ıə]	[ʊə]	[ɔı]
appear,			house, promotion,	excited, profound,
appearance, hole,			primary, choice,	sale, aloud, royal,
crowd, tour, stolen,			Siberia, announce,	voice, type, proud,
prepare, chair,			employ, around,	pride, failure,
supply, rain, sure,			period, wear,	behavior,
ensure, ear, eye,			tear, tear*, rare, real,	allow, safety,
affairs, beer, spare,			rarely, interior,	realize, mind,
fuel, row, shy, own,			exterior, mountain,	old, cold,
owner, museum,			fountain, tourist,	trade, wind,
radio, shout, engineer,			control, proposal,	design, decide.
share,			goal, severe, aware,
hold, jury,			diary, dairy,

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PRACTICE 2

Read the names of countries and capitals. Identify the diphthong in the stressed position. Make sure to consult a dictionary!

e.g. Cambodia – [əʊ]/[oʊ]

Albania	Thailand	Uruguay
Algeria	Iceland	Venezuela
Australia	Ivory Coast	Copenhagen
Bahrein	Jamaica	Cairo
Bulgaria	Liberia	Reykjavik
China	Lithuania	Tokyo
Croatia	Malaysia	Kuwait
Cyprus	Moldova	The Hague
Estonia	Mongolia Nigeria	The Mediterranean
Ethiopia	Korea	The Nile
Europe	Poland	Rome
Hawaii	Romania	Seoul
Honduras	Saudi Arabia	South Korea

IV. ENGLISH CONSONANT SOUNDS

CONTRAST PRACTICE

1. Distinguish between [s] and [z].

Prolong vowels before the final [z].

Rice – rise

Loose – lose

Race – raise

Advice – advise

Once – ones

Lice – lies

Dice – dies

Distinguish between [θ] and [s]

Thick – sick Path – pass Think – sink Mouth – mouse Theme – seem Moth – moss Thumb – sum Worth – worse Thing – sing Tenth – tense

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Distinguish between [ð]and [z] breathe – breeze

then – Zen teething – teasing though – zone clothing – closing this – zip

bathe – bays these – zero

Distinguish between [v] and [f] view – few

van – fan leave – leaf very – ferry save – safe veil – fail alive – a life veal – feel

believe – belief vine – fine prove – proof

Distinguish between [θ]and [f]

Three – free Hearth – half Thirst – first Ruth – roof Thread – Fred Death – deaf Thrill – frill Thaw – four

Distinguish between [v] and [w] vet – wet

via – wire vest – west vine – wine veil – wail v – we

verse – worse veal – wheal very well very wealthy

a wonderful video

2. Read the dialogue paying attention to [v] and [w].

A walk in the woods.

Virginia: I saw ... William again on Wednesday, Winona.

Winona: Oh? William again (Winona laughs.) Well, what happened? Virginia: We went for a lovely walk in the woods.

Winona: Oh? In the wet? Wasn't it very wet on Wednesday?

Virginia: It was very cold and wet. But we were wearing very warm clothes and we walked quickly to keep warm.

Winona: Is that the woods next to the railway? It’s not very quiet. Virginia: Yes. But further away from the railway it was very quiet and there were wild squirrels everywhere. We counted twenty squirrels. Winona: Twenty squirrels? And what did you do for lunch? A picnic with the squirrels?

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Virginia: It was too wet. Afterwards we went to a restaurant. It was twelve o'clock. We had walnut cake and sweet white wine. It was wonderful. Winona: So? William again. Well?

Virginia: Well? (Virginia and Winona laugh.)

3. Read the verse paying attention to the interchange of [ð] and

[w] as well as [r] linking:

Whether the weather is fine Whether the weather is not Whether the weather is rainy Whether the weather is hot We’ll weather the weather Whatever the weather Whether we like it or not!

LINKING PRACTICE

1. Pronounce the following word-combinations with “of-phrases”. Take care not to devoice [v] in the preposition and say [əv].

A ‘piece of ˋmeat	A ‘patch of ˋdust
A ‘loaf of ˋbread	A ‘cup of ˋtea
A ‘pinch of ˋpepper	A ‘spoonful of ˋsugar
A ‘roll of ˋnylon	A ‘bit of ˋginger
A ‘lump of ˋlead	A ‘slice of ˋham
A ‘spot of ˋgrease	A ‘bottle of ˋwine
A ‘ball of ˋcotton	A ‘plate of ˋsoup
A ‘portion of ˋveal	A ‘bar of ˋchocolate
A ‘bowl of ˋwater	A ‘layer of ˋrubber

2. Read the following word-combinations. Join the identical sounds properly. Prolong the first sibilant to achieve the result.

'English ‘shops	'Finnish ‘shorts
'Irish ‘sheets	'Swedish sham‘poo
'Danish ‘ships	'Turkish ‘sugar
'Polish ‘shirts	'French cham‘pagne
'Scottish ‘sheep	'Spanish ‘shoes

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3. Link [i:] [ı] [aı] [eı] [ɔı] to a following vowel. Think of a little [j] sound linking two words.

'very ‘interesting;

the 'story is 'very ‘interesting;

The 'end of the 'story is 'very ‘interesting. a 'lovely ‘ice–cream;

en'joy a 'lovely ‘ice–cream;

I 'always en'joy a 'lovely ‘ice–cream. a ‘day or two;

'stay at 'home for a ‘day or two;

I 'ought to 'stay at 'home for a ‘day or two.

4. Th – advanced pronunciation

Watch the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7bDFLRnszIU and practise.

	th+th	l+th
	with the..	although
	I agree with that.	all the
	t+th	I’ll think about it.
		f+th
	I thought that …
	at the pub …	of the… best of the best
	at the station …	a lot of things …
	at three o’clock…	I’m out of the office today.
	at that… at these… at those…	This is a bad time of the month
	let them…get them…put them…	for me.
	count them…	ff+th
	p+th
		off the table …
	Go up the street…	it fell off the table.
	Up the block …	k+th
	n+th
		I’m back Thursday
	on the … in the…	I think that…
	in this… in those…	s+th
	on the way… on the bus…in the car…
		Is this your doughnut?
	on the other hand
		How much is that?
	in theory …on the phone…in the toilet…
	on the spot…on the whole…	Who’s that?
		What’s that?
	seen them…clean them…learn them…

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5. Dialogue. Practise the phonetic difficulties before you start

the conversation.
on ‘Thursday	at ‘three
‘would be	and ‘toothache
an a'ppointment	to 'have a ‘bath
but ‘there	on the ‘tap
‘tripped	'happened
'hit my ‘mouth	'getting 'out of the ‘bath
'got ‘through	did ‘that
and ‘broke	re'ply
with ‘toothache	'woke ‘up

A:‘Everything ‘went ‘wrong on ‘Thursday.

B:′What ‘happened?

A:I ′woke up with ‘toothache. I 'rang the ‚dentist ¦ ↑three ‚times, | but there was 'no re‘ply. The

‘fourth ‚time, ¦ I 'got ‘through. He 'gave me an a‚ppointment ¦ at 'three ‘thirty. ˇI thought ¦it would be ‘soothing ¦ to have a ‘bath. But I ‘tripped ¦–getting ‘out of the bath – I 'hit my 'mouth on the ‚tap, | and 'broke 'three ‘teeth.

B:Did 'that cure your ˇtoothache?

A: ‘No, | I had ''three 'broken ’teeth ¦ ′′and ‘toothache.

6. Link [p, b, t, d, k, g, n, ŋ, s, z] to a following vowel. Mind the schwa [ə] sound.

'Trip 'over 'Hang 'out

My ‘neck aches. 'Wrap it in a ‘scarf. 'Drink a 'cup of ‘tea. 'Take an ‘aspirin. 'Don’t ‘think about it.

I’ve got a 'big 'emerald ‘ring. 'Put it ‘ on.

'Keep it ‘safe.

She’s 'sick of 'waking 'up 'early.

'Take it to the ‘bank. I’ve got a 'week ‘off. 'What shall I ‘do?

'Knit a ‘jumper. 'Paint a ‘picture. 'Sit and re‘lax. They 'like it 'loud.

'Would you 'like a 'slice of 'cake? 'Did you 'get a 'new as'signment? His 'room was on the 'south 'side of the 'campus.

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