PREFACE

In recent years, interest in sensor networks has evolved from a subject solely of research to one of deployed systems. As new applications have arisen that use sensor networks, the demands on these networks have grown. One of the main challenges with these networks is how to manage missions from application requirements to network operation. By their nature, most sensor networks are mission specific. They therefore place specific requirements on network systems that in turn dictate the use of certain algorithms.

In this book we present the state-of-the art on methods for sensor network operations. This includes algorithms for configuring networks to meet mission requirements and applications in the real world.

FOCUS

The focus of this book is on sensor network operations, starting from translating mission specifications into operational algorithms and applications. The technologies presented are general in terms of the types of transducers and data being gathered.

INTENDED AUDIENCE

This book is intended for researchers and practitioners interested in any aspect of sensor network operations. For researchers, this book serves as a starting point into research in areas such as algorithms for sensor placement, power management, routing, or applications of sensor networks. It may serve as a comprehensive tutorial or be used as the basis for new research projects. For practitioners, this book contains many algorithms, protocols, and experiments that will prove useful in the design and deployment of mission-specific sensor networks.

ORGANIZATION

This book is organized into three parts. The first part provides the motivation and overview of the book and gives a background on sensor platforms and mission-oriented sensor networks. The second part of the book is arranged into seven chapters and presents many

xiii

xiv PREFACE

algorithms for controlling sensor networks. This includes deployment and localization, mobility management, low layer protocols, routing, power management, data gathering and dissemination, and security. The third part of the book presents several sensor network applications and illustrates how sensor networks may be used.

SHASHI PHOHA

THOMAS LAPORTA

CHRISTOPHER GRIFFIN

January 2006

CONTRIBUTORS

Gordon B. Agnew, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Anish Arora, Ohio State University, Computer Science & Engineering, Columbus, Ohio

Mahesh Arumugam, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan

Saurabh Bagchi, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Kiran S. Balagani, Pennsylvania State University, Mechanical Engineering, State College, Pennsylvania

N. Balakrishnan, Indian Institute of Science, Supercomputing Research Center, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Pierre Baldi, Center for Pervasive Communications and Computing, Irvine, California

Steve Beck, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee

Pratik K. Biswas, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Hasan C¸ am, Arizona State University, Computer Science and Engineering, Tempe, Arizona

Guohong Cao, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Krishnendu Chakrabarty, Duke University, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Durham, North Carolina

Chang Wen Chen, Florida Institute of Technology, Electrical Computer Engineering, Melbourne, Florida

Wook Choi, University of Texas at Arlington, Computer Science and Engineering, Arlington, Texas

Kaviraj Chopra, University of Arizona, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tucson,

Arizona

Song Ci, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts

Sajal K. Das, University of Texas at Arlington, Computer Science and Engineering, Arlington, Texas

Sridhar Dasika, University of Arizona, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tucson,

Arizona

Hakan Deli¸c, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey

Murat Demirbas, Ohio State University, Computer Science & Engineering, Columbus,

Ohio

xv

xvi CONTRIBUTORS

Roberto Di Pietro, Universit`a, di Roma, Dipartimento di Informatica, Roma, Italy

Tassos Dimitriou, Athens Information Technology, Athens, Greece

Cem Ersoy, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey

Mohamed Gouda, University of Texas at Austin, Computer Sciences, Austin, Texas

Stanley Grant, California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology, La Jolla, California

Eric Grele, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Christopher Griffin, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Bechir Hamdaoui, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Sharif Hamid, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Computer and Electronics Engineering, Omaha, Nebraska

Kristin Herlugson, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington

Anh Tuan Hoang, National University of Singapore, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Singapore

Alireza Hodjat, UCLA, Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, California

Fei Hu, Rochester Institute of Technology, Computer Engineering Department, Rochester, New York

Tzonelih Hwang, National Cheng Kung University, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tainan, Taiwan

S.S. Iyengar, Louisiana State University, Computer Science Department, Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Ekta Jain, University of Texas at Arlington, Electrical Engineering, Arlington, Texas

Xiang Ji, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Universtiy Park, Pennsylvania

Holger Junker, Wearable Computing Lab, EE, Zurich, Switzerland

Raja Jurdak, University of California, Irvine, Information and Computer Science, Irvine, California

G. Kesidis, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

John Koch, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Ioannis Krontiris, Athens Information Technology, Athens, Greece

Sandeep Kulkarni, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan

Thomas LaPorta, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Bennett Lau, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Ha V. Le, Vientnam National University, Computer Science Department, Hanoi, Vietnam

Duke Lee, UC Berkeley, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berkeley,

California

Myung J. Lee, City College of New York, Electrical Engineering, New York, New York

CONTRIBUTORS xvii

Tian-Fu Lee, National Cheng Kung University, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tainan, Taiwan

Zhiyuan Li, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Jie Lian, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Qilian Liang, University of Texas at Arlington, Electrical Engineering, Arlington, Texas

R.Logananthraj, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Center for Advanced Computer Studies, Lafayette, Louisiana

Cristina Videira Lopes, University of California, Irvine, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Irvine, California

Yung-Hsiang Lu, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Stefan Lucks, NEC Europe Ltd., Network Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany and Mannheim University, Computer Science, Mannheim, Germany

Paul Lukowicz, Electronics Laboratory, EE, Zurich, Switzerland

Bharat Madan, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

Nipoon Malhotra, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Luigi V. Mancini, University of Rome, Department of Information, Rome, Italy

Carter May, Rochester Institute of Technology, Computer Engineering Department, Rochester, New York

Alessandro Mei, University of Rome, Department of Information, Rome, Italy

Mehul Motani, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore

Amit U. Nadgar, Pennsylvania State University, Mechanical Engineering, State College,

Pennsylvania

Kshirasagar Naik, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada

Prashant Nair, Arizona State University, Computer Science and Engineering, Tempe,

Arizona

Fotios Nikakis, Athens Information Technology, Athens, Greece

Krishna Nuli, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Computer and Electronics Engineering, Omaha, Nebraska

Ertan Onur, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey

Suat Ozdemir, Arizona State University, Computer Science and Engineering, Tempe,

Arizona

Symeon Papavassiliou, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark, New Jersey

Shashi Phoha, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

Vir V. Phoha, Louisiana Tech University, Computer Science, Ruston, Louisiana

Raviraj Prasad, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Computer and Electronics Engineering, Omaha, Nebraska

Hairong Qi, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee

xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Parmeswaran Ramanathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Vaithiyam Ramesh, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York

Hamid Sharif, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska

Asok Ray, Pennsylvania State University, Mechanical Engineering, University Park,

Pennsylvania

Sandip Roy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington

Harshavardhan Sabbineni, Duke University, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Durham, North Carolina

Ali Saberi, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington

H. Ozgur Sanli, Arizona State University, Computer Science and Engineering, Tempe, Arizona

Vrudhula Sarma, University of Arizona, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tucson,

Arizona

Guna Seetharaman, Air Force Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Wright Patterson AFB, Ohio

Sivakumar Sellumuthu, Wayne State University, Computer Science, Detroit, Michigan

Sengupta Raja, UC Berkeley, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Berkeley,

California

Kewei Sha, Wayne State University, Computer Science, Detroit, Michigan

Weisong Shi, Wayne State University, Computer Science, Detroit, Michigan

Waqaas Siddiqui, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York

Yuldi Tirta, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

Gerhard Troester, Wearable Computing Lab, EE, Zurich, Switzerland

Pravin Varaiya, UC Berkeley, Civil Engineering, Berkeley, California

Raviteja Varanasi, Pennsylvania State University, Mechanical Engineering, State

College, Pennsylvania

Ingrid Verbauwhede, UCLA, Electrical Engineering, Los Angeles, California

Xiaoling Wang, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee

Andr´e Weimerskirch, Ruhr-University Bochum, Communication Security, Bochum,

Germany

Hsiang-An Wen, National Cheng Kung University, Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Tainan, Taiwan

Dirk Westhoff, NEC Europe Ltd., Network Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany and Mannheim University, Computer Science, Mannheim, Germany

Min Wu, University of Missouri–Columbia, Electrical Engineering, Columbia, Missouri

Jie Yang, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark, New Jersey

Bin Yao, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania

CONTRIBUTORS xix

Erik Zenner, NEC Europe Ltd., Network Laboratories, Heidelberg, Germany and Mannheim University, Computer Science, Mannheim, Germany

Hongyuan Zha, Pennsylvania State University, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State College, Pennsylvania

Jianliang Zheng, City College of New York, Electrical Engineering, New York, New York

Jin Zhu, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Newark, New Jersey

I

SENSOR NETWORK OPERATIONS OVERVIEW