Index

a	combination with chromoscopy or		dysplasia 101, 107, 119, 135, 163, 211
abnormal folds 159	narrow band imaging 164		high-grade — (see high-grade
abnormality in the areae gastricae	combined snare resection 202		dysplasia)
25	combined type	251, 253, 259–262	low-grade — (see low-grade dysplasia)
additional surgery after EMR 198	complications of EMR 197		dysplasia–carcinoma sequence 239
adenoma 30, 34, 36, 40, 42, 43, 45, 68,	concept of invasion 130
70, 73, 76, 77, 79, 93, 136, 163	contrast method	163

high-grade — (see high-grade		convergence of folds		159	e
adenoma)		cumulative 5-year survival rates			early carcinoma in the upper GI tract
low-grade — (see low-grade		260			181
adenoma)		cytotoxic oxy-radicals		207	early colorectal cancers			165, 243
— with a pseudodepression 243					early esophageal cancer			171, 210, 267
adenoma–carcinoma sequence 229,		d			early gastric cancer (EGC) 159
232, 243					— per year		177
advanced cancers 87, 89, 163		delayed gastric emptying 264			echoendoscopy 211
age-related methylation	240	de novo carcinogenesis		245	EEMR	213
air-induced deformation	87	de novo carcinoma	67		— tube	213
American Joint Committee on Cancer		“de novo” theory	243		— — 4-step method 213
136		depressed 159, 259			EG450ZW5		164
anemia 263		depressed early colon carcinoma 243,			EMRC	213

argon plasma coagulation				151	244			endoscopic appearances	163
arterial hemorrhage			217		depth of infiltration of Barrett’s			endoscopic classification of superficial
atypia	139				adenocarcinomas		149	neoplastic lesions	177
					detection of early esophageal cancer in			endoscopic findings in early neoplasia
b					Japan 171			in Barrett’s mucosa	145
					determination of lymph node			endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)
Barrett’s adenocarcinoma				216	metastasis 176			138, 159, 165, 177, 191, 196, 202,
Barrett’s cancer 219					determination of the depth of cancer			213, 262 (see also endoscopic
Barrett’s esophagus			207, 268		invasion by endoscopy 173			resection)
Billroth I		264			diagnostic agreement	135		endoscopic optical coherence
Billroth II		264			diagnostic discrepancies		3, 130	tomography (EOCT) 186
biopsy	163				diagnostic standard	163		endoscopic resection 3–5, 9, 10, 15, 17,

bleeding	193				differential diagnosis between high-						19, 21, 25, 27, 31, 37, 47, 49, 51,
borderline lesions				137	grade intraepithelial neoplasia						55, 67, 73, 77, 81, 93, 101, 113,
broad-based		232			and adenocarcinoma in Barrett’s						138
burso-omentectomy				261	mucosa	147					— of early neoplasia in Barrett’s
					differential diagnosis between low-						esophagus		151
c					grade and high-grade						endoscopic submucosal dissection
					intraepithelial neoplasia of						(ESD)	159, 177, 191, 213, 219
cancer checkup			177		Barrett’s mucosa				147		endoscopic treatment				195
capillary structure				184	differential diagnosis between						endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
carcinoma	7, 10, 15, 21, 23, 24, 29, 30,				regenerative changes and low-						159, 164, 165, 174, 181, 201, 261
36, 47, 50, 54, 58, 68, 70, 75, 80,					grade dysplasia in Barrett’s						endoscopically resected				107, 119,
93, 97, 101, 104, 107, 113, 119,					mucosa	146					125
125					differentiation	139					enlargement of folds			159
carcinoma-in-situ			135, 136		diode laser sources		209				esophageal perforation				216
chemoradiation			268		discolored 37, 43						esophageal stricture			217
chromoscopy		159, 163			distant metastasis		217				excavated type		159
classification of the depth of cancer					distinctly depressed type				249
invasion			171		D2 lymphadenectomy			259			f
clinical guidelines for the treatment of					DNA microsatellite unstable					139
early gastric cancer 262					double-channel endoscopy					191	5-aminolevulinic acid				208
clinical pathologists				163	double-scope technique				202		flat 159
colectomy	87				double-snare technique				202		— adenoma	243
color changes		159			dumping syndrome		263				—-elevated	243
color enhancement				165	dye-laser sources		209				follow-up after EMR			198
colorectal cancer			201		dye-spraying method			181			follow-up studies		104, 130

273

274	Index
Foscan	208
fusion of folds				159
g
gastrectomy			5, 19, 25, 31, 61
gastric remnant cancer							263
gastric resection					11, 15, 37, 47, 51, 55
genetic alteration					246
grading	139
Group I		163
Group I and no. 7 lymph nodes 260
Group II		163
Group III		163
Group IV		163
Group V		163
growth and development								249
growth into submucosal cancers
252
growth of gastric cancer							223
h
hematogenous metastasis								260
hematoporphyrin derivative									208
high-grade adenoma						30, 34, 36, 68, 70,
93
high-grade dysplasia						101, 104, 109,
119, 122
high-risk population						104
hot biopsy			201
— technique			202
H. pylori infection					65
hyperemic appearance							11, 25, 37
i
immunohistochemistry							239
incidence of colorectal cancer									177
incidence of gastric cancer								177
incidence of lymph node metastasis
251
increase in angiogenesis							144
indefinite for neoplasia							61, 63
index polyp			231
indications for EMR						214
indications for en bloc resection by
EMR			177
indigocarmine				163
— spraying			182
indocyanine green (ICG)								266
insulated tip knife (IT knife)									191
interobserver disagreement 135
interobserver variation							146
intraepithelial neoplasia							135, 136
intramucosal carcinoma							7, 10, 13, 15,

21,	24, 47, 49, 50, 53, 54, 58, 93,
97,	107, 111, 113, 125, 128

invasion 130, 165
invasive carcinoma	7, 13, 17, 29, 58,
109, 116, 122
iodine spray 182
irregular mucosal pattern 185
irregular pit pattern	185

j

Japanese Society for Research on Gastric Cancer 138

Japanese viewpoint 3, 130 jejunal interposition (JIP) 264

k

K-ras mutation 234

l
laparoscopic bowel resection						269
laparoscopy-assisted				gastrectomy
	(LAG)	265
lateral intertubular expansion						130
laterally spreading tumor					243
layered structure of GI wall						181
“lift-and-cut” technique					150
limited surgery		259
limited surgery A			262
limited surgery B			262
linitis plastica cancer				226
local injection		204
local recurrence			217
local resection		265
localized redness			5
low-grade adenoma				42, 45, 73, 76,
	79
low-grade dysplasia				104
lymph node metastasis 138, 217
m
m1	250, 251
m2	250, 251
m3	250, 251
m3 and sm1 cancers				251
macroscopic classification					3, 4

macroscopic types of early Barrett’s

carcinoma	143
magnification and dye techniques
201
magnifying endoscopy		159, 163, 164,
182
malignancy rate	233
malignant cycle	224
malignant transformation			231
metachronous multiple cancer				217
metaplasia 211
method 213
miniature probe	164
minimaly invasive transanal surgery
(MITAS)	269
minute cancers	5, 163, 249
morphologic sequence		232, 233
mortality and hospital death				217
mortality of esophageal resection
154
mortality of gastric cancer			178
moth-eaten appearance		5, 11, 17, 19,
159
mucosal cancer	195, 229

mucosal carcinoma 99, 136

mucosal high-grade neoplasia	3, 70,
84, 91, 99
mucosal high-grade neoplastic lesion
75, 95
mucosal low-grade neoplasia	79, 91, 99
mucosal resection methods 191
multistep carcinogenesis 246
n
narrow band imaging (NBI)	159, 162,

164

natural course of colorectal neoplasms 229

natural course of esophageal cancer 254

natural course of gastric cancer 223

navigation	266
neoplasia	135
“no-lift” sign		87 (see also non-lifting
sign)
non-lifting sign		17, 67, 81, 196

noninvasive carcinoma 7, 9, 10, 13, 15,

21, 23, 29, 30,	34, 36, 40, 47, 49,
50, 53, 54, 58,	93, 101, 104, 109,
113, 116, 119,	122
nonpolypoid growth	245
— type (NPG) 234
nonpolypoid lesions	233

o

optical coherence tomography (OCT) 186

overdiagnosis 65, 107 overtreatment 99, 119

p
p53 alteration		239
Padova classification				178
palpation of the lesion				261
Paris classification			4
Paris Endoscopic Classification of
Superficial Neoplastic Lesions:
Esophagus, Stomach, and Colon
159
patent-blue	266
pedunculated		232
perforation	193
photodynamic therapy				151, 207
Photofrin	208
Photosan-3	208
phthalocyanines 208
piecemeal resection			178, 204
pit pattern	196, 237, 269

polymerase chain reaction–single- strand conformation polymorphism (PCR–SSCP) 239

polyp-cancer sequence 245 polypectomy 97, 230, 268 polypoid growth 229, 245

— type (PG) 234

										Index	275
porphyrins	208			subclassification of the depth of				transanal endoscopic microsurgery
post-gastrectomy disorders			263	invasion	250, 251			(TEM)		269
preinjection polypectomy			202	subcutaneous injection polypectomy				tube method		213
prognosis	138			202				tumor budding 269
protruded	243, 259			submucosal cancer 229				two-field (thoracic-abdominal field)
protruded type		159		submucosal carcinoma		24, 27, 80, 97,		268
protruding type		249		165				type I	92, 96, 159, 160, 249
pseudoinvasion		27		submucosal invasion		19, 29, 81, 84, 99		type I+IIa 159
pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG)				— by carcinoma	84, 99			type IIa	30, 36, 42, 46, 50, 54, 66, 72,
263				“suck-and-cut” technique 151				76, 159, 160, 249
				superficial esophageal cancer			249,	type IIa+IIc		18, 160, 251
q				267				type IIb	124, 159, 161, 163, 249
				superficial neoplastic lesions			159	type IIc	4, 10, 14, 24, 100, 106, 112,

Q240Z 164							superficial type			159				118, 159, 161, 233, 249
QOL	263						surface mucosal pattern (pit pattern)							type IIc+IIa		16, 251
							184							type IIc+III		161
r							surgical results of treatment of early							type III	159, 249
							neoplasia of Barrett’s mucosa
rapid-growing gastric cancer						223	150							u
regenerative changes				61, 63, 65			surveillance colonoscopy					237
resection		51					survival rate		159					ulcerative colitis (UC)				237
revised Vienna classification						3, 70, 75,	suspected carcinoma				68, 70, 73, 113,			—-associated neoplasia				237
	79, 84, 91, 95, 99, 163, 178						125							ultrasound catheter probe 181
risk factors for lymph node metastasis							suspicion of carcinoma					75, 109		ultrasound endoscope				181
	198						suspicious for invasive				125			ultrasound probe with a 30 MHz
risk of metastasis			149				suspicious for invasive carcinoma						113,	transducer 182
Roux-en-Y		264					116, 128							underdiagnose			7, 130
							symptoms	31						underdiagnosis			13, 34, 40, 91
s							— of early esophageal cancer 171							undertreatment			99
														undifferentiated adenocarcinomas 163
scirrhous gastric cancer					225		t							undifferentiated-type				259
semipedunculated rectal adenoma
	231						tailor-made treatment				267			v
sentinel lymph nodes				266			targeted biopsy			143
serrated adenomas 139							telomere length			240				Vienna classification 3, 9, 45, 49, 70,
sessile	232						terminology		135					75, 77, 89, 93, 95, 99, 130, 135,
signet-ring cell carcinoma					136		tetra (m-hydroyphenyl) chlorin						208	136, 138, 139, 178, 230
simple snare resection				202			thinning of folds			159				— modification			138 (see also revised
singlet oxygen 207							three-dimensional (3-D)					164		Vienna classification)
slightly elevated			159				— image	183						revised — (see revised Vienna
slow-growing gastric cancer						224	— pictures		182						classification)
sm1	250, 251						— reconstruction			182				Vienna meeting			3
sm2	249–251						three-field (cervical-thoracic-abdominal							villous	139
sm3	249–251						field)		268

sm-massive cancer 195		time sequence 230, 233	w
snare resection	201	TNM (tumor/node/metastasis)
spraying catheter	163	classification 136	well-differentiated	163
strip biopsy 150, 213		training 130	Western viewpoint	3