ЗАДАЧНИК ДЛЯ ЗАОЧНИКОВ
.pdfА.Н.Богатиков, В.А.Красицкий, К.Н.Лапко, А.А.Рагойша, И.Е.Шиманович
Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии.
Учебное пособие
Сборник задач, вопросов и упражнений по общей неорганической химии [Электронный ресур]: Учебное пособие / А.Н.Богатиков, В.А.Красицкий, К.Н.Лапко, А.А.Рагойша, И.Е.Шиманович. — Электрон. текст. дан. (1,2 Мб). — Мн.: Научно-методический центр “Электронная книга БГУ”, 2003. — Режим доступа: http://anubis.bsu.by/publications/elresources/Chemistry/bogatikov.pdf . —
Электрон. версия печ. публикации, 2002. — PDF формат, версия 1.4 . — Систем.
требования: Adobe Acrobat 5.0 и выше.
МИНСК
«Электронная книга БГУ»
2003
© А.Н.Богатиков, В.А.Красицкий, К.Н.Лапко, А.А.Рагойша, И.Е.Шиманович, 2003.
© Научно-методический центр «Электронная книга БГУ», 2003
www.elbook.bsu.by
elbook@bsu.by
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Obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl – hij_^_e_gguc \b^ Zlhfh\ oZjZdl_jb amxsbcky h^bgZdh\uf aZjy^hf Zlhfguo y^_j GZijbf_j \k_ kms_kl \mxsb_ \h <k_e_gghc Zlhfu k aZjy^hf y^jZ h[jZamxl obfbq_kdbc we_f_gl \h^hjh^ G \k_ Zlhfu k aZjy^hf y^jZ – we_f_gl mjZg (U < gZklhys__ \j_fy ba\_klgh obfbq_kdbo we_f_glh\
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Hlghkbl_evgZy ZlhfgZy fZkkZ Ar – nbabq_kdZy \_ebqbgZ jZ\ gZy hlghr_gbx kj_^g_c fZkku Zlhfh\ ^Zggh]h we_f_glZ d qZk lb fZkku gmdeb^Z 12K.
?keb fZkkZ ZlhfZ 12K jZ\gZ–26 d] lh
ma (12 C) = 1,995 10−26 d] =1,663 10−27 d]. 12 12
Wlm \_ebqbgm gZau\Zxl Zlhfghc _^bgbp_c fZkku b h[hagZqZxl kbf\hehf ©uª hl Zg]ebckdh]h ©unitª qlh agZqbl ©_^bgbpZª LZdbf h[jZahf
1u = 1,663·10–27 d]
GZijbf_j hlghkbl_evgZy ZlhfgZy fZkkZ dbkehjh^Z jZ\gZ
Ar(O) = |
ma |
(O) |
= |
2,658 10−26 d] |
=16 . |
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1u |
1,663 10− 27 d] |
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Fhe_dmeZ – f_evqZcrZy kihkh[gZy d kZfhklhyl_evghfm kms_ kl\h\Zgbx qZklbpZ khojZgyxsZy \k_ obfbq_kdb_ k\hckl\Z ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z Fhe_dmeu fh]ml khklhylv dZd ba Zlhfh\ h^gh]h we_f_glZ lZd b ba Zlhfh\ jZaguo we_f_glh\ Fhe_dmeu y\eyxlky ghkbl_eyfb khklZ\Z b obfbq_kdbo k\hckl\ h[jZah\Zgguo bfb \_s_kl\ JZaf_ju b
fZkku fhe_dme lZd`_ qj_a\uqZcgh fZeu GZijbf_j fZkkZ h^ghc fh e_dmeu \h^u jZ\gZ –26 d] Ijb ijh\_^_gbb jZkq_lh\ \ obfbb
lZd`_ bkihevamxlky hlghkbl_evgu_ fhe_dmeyjgu_ fZkku h[hagZ qZxsb_ky kbf\hehf Mr.
Hlghkbl_evgZy fhe_dmeyjgZy fZkkZ Mr – nbabq_kdZy \_ebqbgZ jZ\gZy hlghr_gbx kj_^g_c fZkku fhe_dmeu \_s_kl\Z d 1/12 qZklb fZkku gmdeb^Z 12K
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m |
H2O |
= |
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2,99 10−26 d] |
= 18 . |
Mr(H2O) = |
fhe_dmeu |
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1u |
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1,66310− 27 d] |
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Bhg – h^gh- beb fgh]hZlhfgZy qZklbpZ h[eZ^ZxsZy we_dljbq_
kdbf aZjy^hf
H^ghZlhfgu_ bhgu KZ2+ Kl–, Na+, S2–; fgh]hZlhfgu_ bhgu1+4+, SO42– KH3COO–.
Bhgu kh_^bgyxlky \ khhl\_lkl\bb k bo aZjy^Zfb h[jZamy fhe_
dmeu beb djbklZeeu
<_s_kl\h – mklhcqb\Zy kbkl_fZ qZklbp Zlhfh\ bhgh\ beb fhe_ dme h[eZ^ZxsZy hij_^_e_ggufb nbabq_kdbfb b obfbq_kdbfb k\hc kl\Zfb
< gZklhys__ \j_fy ba\_klgh hdheh fbeebhgh\ \_s_kl\ <k_ hgb ^_eylky gZ ]jmiiu – \_s_kl\Z fhe_dmeyjgh]h b g_fhe_dmeyjgh ]h kljh_gby
D \_s_kl\Zf fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby hlghkylky \_s_kl\Z kh klhysb_ ba fhe_dme DZd ijZ\beh wlb \_s_kl\Z h[eZ^Zxl gbadbfb l_fi_jZlmjZfb ieZ\e_gby ]Zau `b^dhklb b e_]dhieZ\db_ l\_j^u_ \_s_kl\Z Obfbq_kdb_ nhjfmeu lZdbo \_s_kl\ gZau\Zxlky fhe_dm eyjgufb.
D \_s_kl\Zf g_fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby hlghkylky \_s_kl\Z \ maeZo djbklZeebq_kdbo j_r_lhd dhlhjuo gZoh^ylky Zlhfu beb bhgu Wlb \_s_kl\Z dZd ijZ\beh h[eZ^Zxl \ukhdbfb l_fi_jZlmjZfb ieZ\ e_gby b ijb dhfgZlghc l_fi_jZlmj_ \k_]^Z gZoh^ylky \ l\_j^hf Z]j_ ]Zlghf khklhygbb D lZdbf \_s_kl\Zf kh\_jr_ggh g_ijbf_gbfh ih
4
gylb_ ©fhe_dmeZª <f_klh g_]h bkihevam_lky ihgylb_ ©nhjfmevgZy _^bgbpZ \_s_kl\Zª Obfbq_kdb_ nhjfmeu \_s_kl\ g_fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby y\eyxlky ijhkl_crbfb beb wfibjbq_kdbfb nhjfmeZfb
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?keb \_s_kl\h g_fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby h[jZam_l bhggmx djb klZeebq_kdmx j_r_ldm gZijbf_j NaCl _]h nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_c [m ^_l mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ khklhysZy ba h^gh]h bhgZ Na+ b h^gh]h bhgZ ClØ HgZ y\ey_lky mkeh\ghc ihlhfm qlh \ djbklZee_ oehjb^Z gZljby g_l fhe_dme NaCl l d hg khklhbl ba bhgh\ Gh \_kv wlhl djbklZee fh`gh mkeh\gh jZa^_eblv gZ ]jmiiu bhgh\ \ dZ`^hc ba dhlhjuo [m ^_l bhg Na+ b bhg ClØKe_^h\Zl_evgh nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_c oeh jb^Z gZljby y\ey_lky mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ khklhysZy ba -o bhgh\
D keh`guf \_s_kl\Zf g_fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby g_evay ijbf_ gylv ihgylb_©hlghkbl_evgZy fhe_dmeyjgZy fZkkZªIhkdhevdm kljmd lmjgufb _^bgbpZfb lZdbo \_s_kl\ y\eyxlky g_ fhe_dmeu Z mkeh\gu_ nhjfmevgu_ _^bgbpu d gbf ijbf_gbf l_jfbg ©hlghkbl_evgZy nhj fmevgZy fZkkZªHgZ h[hagZqZ_lky Mf,r(X).
Hlghkbl_evgZy nhjfmevgZy fZkkZ Mf,r(X) – \_ebqbgZ jZ\gZy hlghr_gbx fZkku h^ghc nhjfmevghc _^bgbpu \_s_kl\Z O d
qZklb fZkku gmdeb^Z 12K.
AgZq_gb_ Mf,r jZ\gh kmff_ agZq_gbc Ar we_f_glh\ k mq_lhf qbkeZ bo Zlhfh\ \ nhjfmevghc _^bgbp_
<Z`g_crbfb dhebq_kl\_ggufb oZjZdl_jbklbdZfb ex[h]h \_s_
kl\Z y\eyxlky _]h obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h fZkkZ b h[t_f
Obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h \_s_kl\Z – nbabq_kdZy \_ebqbgZ ijh ihjpbhgZevgZy qbkem kljmdlmjguo _^bgbp Zlhfh\ fhe_dme beb N?
kh^_j`Zsboky \ ^Zgghc ihjpbb \_s_kl\Z Obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h
5
\_s_kl\Z h[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehf «n». ?^bgbp_c obfbq_kdh]h dhebq_ kl\Z \_s_kl\Z y\ey_lky fhev
Fhev – lZdh_ obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h \_s_kl\Z \ dhlhjhf kh ^_j`blky Â23 _]h kljmdlmjguo _^bgbp l _ klhevdh kdhevdh kh^_j`blky Zlhfh\ \ m]e_jh^_ 12K fZkkhc d]
QbkehÂ23 gZau\Z_lky ihklhygghc :\h]Z^jh b h[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehf N::
N: = 6,02·1023 fhev–1.
FZkkZ \_s_kl\Z \aylh]h \ dhebq_kl\_ fhev gZau\Z_lky fh eyjghc fZkkhc ^Zggh]h \_s_kl\Z HgZ h[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehf F b \ujZ`Z_lky \ d] fhev beb ] fhev
FZkkZ \_s_kl\Z qbke_ggh jZ\gZ ijhba\_^_gbx _]h obfbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\Z b fheyjghc fZkku
m(X) = n(X) · M(X)
H[t_f ]Zahh[jZagh]h \_s_kl\Z \aylh]h \ dhebq_kl\_ fhev gZ
au\Z_lky fheyjguf h[t_fhf \_s_kl\Z. Hg h[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehf
Vf b \ujZ`Z_lky \ f3 fhev beb ^f3 fhev
H[t_f ]ZaZ ijb ^Zgghf ^Z\e_gbb b l_fi_jZlmj_ qbke_ggh jZ\_g ijhba\_^_gbx _]h obfbq_kdh]h dhebq_kl\Z b fheyjgh]h h[t_fZ ba f_j_ggh]h ijb l_o `_ mkeh\byo
V(X) = n(X) · Vf(X)
LZdbf h[jZahf obfbq_kdh_ dhebq_kl\h \_s_kl\Z qbkeh _]h kljmdlmjguo _^bgbp fZkkZ b h[t_f ^ey ]Zah\ k\yaZgu f_`^m kh[hc khhlghr_gb_f
n(X ) = m(X ) = V (X ) = N(X ) .
M (X ) Vm (X ) NA
D \Z`g_crbf aZdhgZf obfbb hlghkylky aZdhg khojZg_gby fZkku \_s_kl\Z aZdhg ihklhygkl\Z khklZ\Z \_s_kl\Z aZdhg obfbq_kdbo wd \b\Ze_glh\ b aZdhgu ]Zah\h]h khklhygby
AZdhg khojZg_gby fZkku \_s_kl\Z
FZkkZ \_s_kl\ \klmib\rbo \ obfbq_kdmx j_Zdpbx qbke_ggh jZ\gZ fZkk_ \_s_kl\ h[jZah\Z\rboky \ j_amevlZl_ j_Zdpbb
K lhqdb aj_gby Zlhfgh-fhe_dmeyjgh]h mq_gby \ oh^_ j_Zdpbb ijhbkoh^bl ebrv i_j_jZkij_^_e_gb_ Zlhfh\ gh g_ baf_gy_lky bo h[ s__ dhebq_kl\h Ihwlhfm h[sZy fZkkZ \k_o Zlhfh\ lZd`_ g_ baf_gy _lky Wlhl aZdhg e_`bl \ hkgh\_ jZkq_lh\ ih mjZ\g_gbyf j_Zdpbc
6
AZdhg ihklhygkl\Z khklZ\Z \_s_kl\Z
Ex[h_ keh`gh_ \_s_kl\h fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby g_aZ\bkbfh hl kihkh[h\ _]h ihemq_gby bf__l ihklhygguc dZq_kl\_gguc b dheb q_kl\_gguc khklZ\
K lhqdb aj_gby Zlhfgh-fhe_dmeyjgh]h mq_gby \ ijhp_kk_ h[jZah \Zgby fhe_dmeu h[uqgh mqZkl\m_l g_[hevrh_ qbkeh Zlhfh\ dhlhju_ kh_^bgyxlky \k_]^Z \ kljh]h hij_^_e_gghf dhebq_kl\_gghf khhlghr_- gbb Ihwlhfm dhebq_kl\_gguc khklZ\ h[jZamxsboky fhe_dme Z ke_^h- \Zl_evgh b khklZ\ h[jZamxsboky \_s_kl\ fhe_dmeyjgh]h kljh_gby hdZau\Z_lky ihklhygguf < ijhp_kkZo `_ h[jZah\Zgby djbklZeeh\ g_- fhe_dmeyjgh]h Zlhfgh]h beb bhggh]h kljh_gby mqZkl\m_l hq_gv [hev- rh_ qbkeh qZklbp dhlhju_ kh_^bgyxlky g_ \k_]^Z \ kljh]h hij_^_e_g- ghf dhebq_kl\_gghf khhlghr_gbb Ihwlhfm dhebq_kl\_gguc khklZ\ h[jZamxsboky Zlhfguo beb bhgguo djbklZeeh\ fh`_l [ulv i_j_f_g- guf \ aZ\bkbfhklb hl kihkh[h\ bo ihemq_gby Dhebq_kl\_gguc khklZ\ keh`guo \_s_kl\ m^h[gh \ujZ`Zlv q_j_a fZkkh\u_ ^heb we_f_glh\
FZkkh\Zy ^hey we_f_glZ \ \_s_kl\_ – qbkeh ihdZau\Zxs__ dZ dmx qZklv hl h[s_c fZkku \_s_kl\Z khklZ\ey_l fZkkZ Zlhfh\ ^Zg gh]h we_f_glZ FZkkh\Zy ^hey h[hagZqZ_lky kbf\hehf©wªb \ujZ`Z _lky eb[h \ ^heyo _^bgbpu eb[h \ ijhp_glZo gZijbf_j beb 35 FZkkh\u_ ^heb we_f_glh\ : b < \ keh`ghf \_s_kl\_ :o<m jZk kqblu\Zxlky ih nhjfmeZf
w(A) = |
x Ar |
(A) |
; |
w(B) = |
y Ar |
(B) |
. |
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M r (Ax By ) |
M r (Ax By ) |
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Ijb wlhf kmffZ agZq_gbc fZkkh\uo ^he_c we_f_glh\ \oh^ysbo \ khklZ\ \_s_kl\Z \k_]^Z jZ\gZ beb
Ijbf_j <uqbkeblv agZq_gby fZkkh\uo ^he_c we_f_glh\ \ Zah lbklhc dbkehl_
J_r_gb_
JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ Mr dbkehlu
Mr(HNO2) = Ar(H) + Ar(N) + 2Ar(O) = 1 + 14 + 32 = 47.
JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gby fZkkh\uo ^he_c we_f_glh\
w(H) = |
1 Ar (H) |
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= |
1 |
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= 0,021 = 2,1 %; |
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M r (HNO2 ) |
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47 |
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w(N) = |
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1 Ar (N) |
= |
14 |
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= 0,298 |
= 29,8 % ; |
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M r (HNO2 ) |
47 |
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w(O) = 100 % − 2,1 % − 29,8 % = 68,1 % .
7
Ijbf_j . Hij_^_eblv ijhkl_crmx nhjfmem h^gh]h ba hdkb^h\ ZahlZ \ dhlhjhf fZkkh\Zy ^hey dbkehjh^Z jZ\gZ
J_r_gb_
Imklv fZkkZ hdkb^Z NxOy jZ\gZ ] JZkkqblZ_f fZkku Zlhfh\ ZahlZ b dbkehjh^Z \ hdkb^_
Z m(O) = m(NxOy) · w2 ]Â ] [ m(N) = m(NxOy) – m(O) = ] – ] ]
GZc^_f obfbq_kdb_ dhebq_kl\Z Zlhfh\ ZahlZ b dbkehjh^Z
Z n(N) = |
m(N) |
= |
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36,85 ] |
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fhev |
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M (N) |
14 ] fhev |
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[ n(O) = |
m(O) |
= |
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63,15 ] |
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fhev |
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M (O) |
16 ] fhev |
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GZc^_f fheyjgh_ khhlghr_gb_ ZahlZ b dbkehjh^Z \ hdkb^_
n(N) : n(O fhev fhev fhev fhev
Ke_^h\Zl_evgh bkdhfZy nhjfmeZ hdkb^Z – N2H3.
Ijbf_j . G_ba\_klgh_ \_s_kl\h fZkkhc ] kh`]eb \ ba[uld_ dbkehjh^Z b ihemqbeb m]e_dbkeuc ]Za fZkkhc ] b \h^m fZkkhc 3,6 ] Hij_^_eblv fhe_dmeyjgmx nhjfmem k]hj_\r_]h \_s_kl\Z _keb hlghkbl_evgZy iehlghklv _]h iZjh\ ih \ha^mom jZ\gZ
J_r_gb_
Ihkdhevdm \ j_amevlZl_ k]hjZgby \_s_kl\Z h[jZah\Zebkv m]e_ dbkeuc ]Za b \h^Z ^_eZ_f \u\h^ qlh \ _]h khklZ\ \oh^yl m]e_jh^ \h ^hjh^ b \hafh`gh dbkehjh^
JZkkqblZ_f fZkkm m]e_jh^Z \ h[jZah\Z\r_fky KH2:
F KH2 ] fhevÂ] fhev ] fhev
] KH2) |
kh^_j`Zl |
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-"- |
x ] K x = ] K |
JZkkqblZ_f fZkkm \h^hjh^Z \ h[jZah\Z\r_cky \h^_
F G2H Â] fhev ] fhev ] fhev
] G2H kh^_j`Zl |
] G |
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m ] K m ] G |
GZc^_f kmffm fZkk m]e_jh^Z b \h^hjh^Z \oh^b\rbo \ khklZ\ bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z
m(C) + m(H ]
Ihkdhevdm kmffZ fZkk K b G ] f_gvr_ fZkku k]hj_\r_]h \_s_kl\Z ] ^_eZ_f \u\h^ qlh \ _]h khklZ\ \oh^be lZd`_ b dbkeh jh^ fZkkZ dhlhjh]h jZ\gZ m H = 6 – ]
8
Hij_^_ebf ijhkl_cr__ fheyjgh_ khhlghr_gb_ K G b H \ bk oh^ghf \_s_kl\_ l _ _]h ijhkl_crmx nhjfmem
n(C) : n(H) : n(O) = |
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2,4 ] |
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0,4 ] |
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3,2 ] |
=1: 2 :1. |
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12 ] fhev |
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16 ] fhev |
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1 ] fhev |
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LZdbf h[jZahf ijhkl_crZy wfibjbq_kdZy nhjfmeZ \_s_kl\Z – KG2H
Ke_^m_l hlf_lblv qlh ijhkl_crZy nhjfmeZ \_s_kl\Z hlh[jZ`Z_l ebrv ijhkl_cr__ gZbf_gvr__ qbkeh\h_ khhlghr_gb_ Zlhfh\ we_ f_glh\ \ g_f Fhe_dmeyjgZy `_ nhjfmeZ \_s_kl\Z hljZ`Z_l j_Zevgh_ qbkeh Zlhfh\ dZ`^h]h we_f_glZ \ fhe_dme_ b ihemqZ_lky mfgh`_gb_f bg^_dkh\ \ ijhkl_cr_c nhjfme_ gZ hij_^_e_ggh_ qbkeh jZa
JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z ih _]h hlghkbl_evghc iehlghklb
M1(CxHyOz) = 29 · D \ha^ = 29 · ] fhev
JZkkqblZ_f agZq_gb_ fheyjghc fZkku bkoh^gh]h \_s_kl\Z ih _]h ijhkl_cr_c nhjfme_
M2(CH2O ] fhev
Ihkdhevdm agZq_gb_ F1 [hevr_ agZq_gby F2 \ jZaZ lh ^ey gZoh`^_gby fhe_dmeyjghc nhjfmeu \_s_kl\Z \k_ bg^_dku \ _]h ijh kl_cr_c nhjfme_ gm`gh m\_ebqblv \ jZaZ LZdbf h[jZahf bkdhfZy nhjfmeZ – K3G6H3.
AZdhg wd\b\Ze_glh\
<_s_kl\Z \klmiZxl \ j_Zdpbb b h[jZamxlky \ j_amevlZl_ j_Zd pbc \ wd\b\Ze_glguo dhebq_kl\Zo
<gZqZe_ jZkkfhljbf hij_^_e_gby ihgylbc obfbq_kdbc wd\b\Z e_gl qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb nZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb fheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ fheyjguc h[t_f wd\b\Ze_glZ b dhebq_kl\h \_s_ kl\Z wd\b\Ze_glZ
Obfbq_kdbc wd\b\Ze_gl – j_ZevgZy beb mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ \_s_ kl\Z dhlhjZy \ dbkehlgh-hkgh\ghc j_Zdpbb wd\b\Ze_glgZ l _ ob- fbq_kdb jZ\ghp_ggZ h^ghfm bhgm G+ Z \ hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\b- l_evghc j_Zdpbb – h^ghfm we_dljhgm
J_ZevgZy qZklbpZ – fhe_dmeZ Zlhf beb bhg mkeh\gZy qZklbpZ – hij_^_e_ggZy qZklv iheh\bgZ lj_lv b l ^ fhe_dmeu ZlhfZ beb bhgZ
9
< h[s_f kemqZ_ wd\b\Ze_gl ex[h]h \_s_kl\Z O h[hagZqZ_lky ke_-
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Qbkeh wd\b\Ze_glghklb z* – qbkeh bhgh\ G+ \ dbkehlgh-hkgh\- ghc j_Zdpbb beb qbkeh we_dljhgh\ \ hdbkebl_evgh-\hkklZgh\bl_evghc j_Zdpbb dhlhjh_ wd\b\Ze_glgh obfbq_kdb jZ\ghp_ggh h^ghc qZklb- p_ \_s_kl\Z O
NZdlhj wd\b\Ze_glghklb 1 qbkeh dhlhjh_ ihdZau\Z_l z
dZdZy ^hey qZklv j_Zevghc qZklbpu O wd\b\Ze_glgZ h^ghfm bhgm G+ \ dbkehlgh-hkgh\ghc j_Zdpbb beb h^ghfm we_dljhgm \ hdbkebl_evgh- \hkklZgh\bl_evghc j_Zdpbb
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FheyjgZy fZkkZ wd\b\Ze_glZ \_s_kl\Z O – M |
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\_ebqbgZ qbke_ggh jZ\gZy hlghr_gbx fZkku \_s_kl\Z O d fheyjghc fZkk_ _]h wd\b\Ze_glZ ?^bgbpZ baf_j_gby – fhev
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Fheyjguc h[t_f wd\b\Ze_glZ ]ZaZ O – Vm |
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gh]h fhey wd\b\Ze_glZ ]Zahh[jZagh]h \_s_kl\Z O ?^bgbpZ baf_j_- gby – e fhev beb f3 fhev
10