- •41. Main sources of phraseological units
- •42. Phraseology and its boundaries.
- •46. Parameters of linguistic dictionaries
- •47. Main types of dictionaries
- •48. What are the main characteristics of a learners dictionary?
- •43. Principles of classification of ph u
- •1) Semantic classification of phraseological units
- •2) Structural classification of phraseological units
- •50. Variants and dialects of contemporary English
- •45. The fundamental problems of dictionary compilation
- •49. Thesaurus
- •44. The simile
- •39. Free Wgroups as compaired to ph units. Classification of Wgroups according to their motivation.
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •38. Types of valency.
- •31. The principle semantic processes change of meaning (m)
- •1.Causes:
- •1. Inner structure of the Eng w-stock
- •3.Nature of semantic change
- •40. Phraseological units as compared to words & sentences
- •11. The complex units of w-b: w-b cluster, row, category
- •12. The functional aspect of w-b system: productivity and activity. The main means of w-b in English
- •13. Affixation and prefixation in contemporary e.
- •Prefixation is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem. In English it is characteristic for forming verbs. Prefixes are more independent than suffixes.
- •15) Word composition. Classification of compounds
- •17) Etymology. What makes it important for contemporary Lex. The role and place of borrowings in e
- •20) Loan translation
- •18) Causes and ways of borrowings. Criteria of b
- •16) Unpatterned means of w-building. Sound interchange
- •19) Assimilation of Borrowings. Degrees of Ass and factors determining it.
- •14) Conversion. Basi criteria of semantic derivation
- •21. Name the main periods when English experienced the influx of borrowings
- •22.Compare Scandinavian and French influence on English
- •23.Ethymological doublets
- •24. The layers of Latin borrowings in English. Their influence on the system of English w-building
- •25.The Norman conquest and its impact on English
- •26. Word mng. Approaches to defining it
- •27. Types, varieties and aspects of mng.
- •28. The fundamental features of w mng.
- •29. Polysemy, its sources. Polysemy & homonymy. Sources of homonyms. Classification of homonyms.
- •30. The main types of semantic relations between mngs.
- •36. T basic principles of grouping Ws together (см типы словарей)
- •2. Types of lex-l nomination Eng
- •35. Synchronic & diachronic approaches to variability of w m
- •34. What is a paradigm? Paradigmatic & syntgmatic approaches to t study of m.
- •33. Semantic contrasts & antonymy
- •32. Semantic equivalence & synonymy. Types of synonyms. Sources of synonyms.
- •Ideographic(denotational) stylistic(ideographic-stylistic)
- •Borrowing
- •3. The morphological structure of the w. Morphemes & allomorphs. The morphological meaning of the w.
- •4. The main principles of morphemes.
- •10. The main sources of enriching voc:
- •5. Classification of morphemes.
- •2) Semantically:
- •6. Procedure of morphemic analysis. Morphemic types of ws.
- •7. The main aim, principles & methods of derivational analysis.
- •8. The main units of derivational analysis: Basic units
- •Affixes: mono-polysemantic
- •May be 3 types of d Base
- •9. Derivational patterns.
41. Main sources of phraseological units
A.V. Koonin classified phraseological units according to the way they are formed. He pointed out primary and secondary ways of forming phraseological units.
Primary ways of forming phraseological units are those when a unit is formed on the basis of a free word-group :
a) Most productive in Modern English is the formation of ph u by means of transferring the meaning of terminological word-groups (e.g. «launching pad» in its terminological meaning is «стартовая площадка» , in its transferred meaning - «отправной пункт», «to link up» - «cтыковаться, стыковать космические корабли» in its transformed meaning it means -«знакомиться»);
b) a large group of ph u was formed from free word groups by transforming their meaning, (e.g. «granny farm» - «пансионат для престарелых»,)
c) ph.u. can be by means of alliteration ,( e.g. «a sad sack» - «несчастный случай», «culture vulture» - «человек, интересующийся искусством»).
d) ph.u. can be formed by means of expressiveness, especially it is characteristic for forming interjections, (e.g. «My aunt!», « Hear, hear !»)
e) ph.u. can be formed by means of distorting a word group, (e.g. «odds and ends» was formed from «odd ends»),
f) ph.u can be formed by using archaisms, (e.g. «in brown study» means «in gloomy meditation» where both components preserve their archaic meanings),
g) ph u can be formed by using a sentence in a different sphere of life, (e.g. «that cock won’t fight» can be used as a free word-group when it is used in sports (cock fighting ), it becomes a phraseological unit when it is used in everyday life, because it is used metaphorically),
h) they can be formed when we use some unreal image, (e.g. «to have butterflies in the stomach» - «испытывать волнение», «to have green fingers» - »преуспевать как садовод-любитель»).
i) ph u can be formed by using expressions of writers or politicians in everyday life, (e.g. «corridors of power» (Snow), «American dream» (Alby), «the winds of change» (Mc Millan)).
Secondary ways of forming ph u are those when a ph u is formed on the basis of another ph u; they are:
a) conversion, e.g. «to vote with one’s feet» was converted into «vote with one’s f eet»;
b) changing the grammar form, e.g. «Make hay while the sun shines» is transferred into a verbal phrase - «to make hay while the sun shines»;
c) analogy, e.g. «Curiosity killed the cat» was transferred into «Care killed the cat»;
d) contrast, e.g. «cold surgery» - «a planned before operation» was formed by contrasting it with «acute surgery», «thin cat» - «a poor person» was formed by contrasting it with «fat cat»;
e) shortening of proverbs or sayings e.g. from the proverb «You can’t make a silk purse out of a sow’s ear» by means of clipping the middle of it the ph u «to make a sow’s ear» was formed with the meaning «ошибаться».
f) borrowing ph u from other languages, either as translation loans, e.g. « living space» (German), « to take the bull by the horns» ( Latin) or by means of phonetic borrowings «meche blanche» (French), «corpse d’elite» (French), «sotto voce» (Italian) etc.
Phonetic borrowings among ph u refer to the bookish style and are not used very often.