- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •Introduction
- •1 ICAO Annex 6
- •Introduction
- •Compliance with the Law
- •Operational Control
- •Safety
- •Alternate Aerodromes
- •Flight time
- •Flight Safety and Accident Prevention
- •Maintenance Release
- •Lighting of Aircraft
- •Navigation Lights
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •2 EU-OPS General Requirements
- •Applicability
- •Common Language
- •Quality System
- •Accident Prevention and Flight Safety Programme
- •Additional Crew Members
- •Ditching
- •Carriage of Persons
- •Crew Responsibilities
- •Responsibilities of the Commander
- •Authority of the Commander
- •Admission to the Flight Deck
- •Unauthorized Carriage
- •Portable Electronic Devices
- •Drugs and Alcohol
- •Endangering Safety
- •Documents to Be Carried
- •Manuals to Be Carried
- •Additional Information and Forms to Be Carried
- •Information to Be Retained on the Ground
- •Power to Inspect
- •Production and Preservation of Documents and Recordings
- •Leasing of Aeroplanes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Operator Supervision and Certification
- •Rules for the Certification of an Air Operator
- •Applicant Requirements
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Variation, Revocation or Suspension of an AOC
- •Key Post Holders within the Operation
- •Main Operating Base
- •Aeroplanes
- •Other Considerations
- •Contents and Conditions of an AOC
- •Terminology
- •Operations Manual (OM)
- •General Rules for Operations Manuals
- •Ops Manual Amendments
- •Competence of Operations Personnel
- •Aeroplane Maintenance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Operational Procedures
- •Establishment of Procedures
- •Use of Air Traffic Control
- •Authorization and Selection of Aerodromes by the Operator
- •Meteorological Conditions
- •Approach and Landing Conditions
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima (AOM)
- •Commencement and Continuation of Approach
- •Instrument Departure and Approach Procedures
- •Noise Abatement Procedures
- •Routes and Areas of Operation
- •RVSM Operations
- •Operations in MNPS Airspace
- •Maximum Distance from an Adequate Aerodrome for Two-engine Aeroplanes without an ETOPS Approval
- •Extended Range Operations with Twin-engine Aeroplanes (ETOPS)
- •Establishment of Minimum Flight Altitudes
- •Fuel Policy
- •Carriage of Persons with Reduced Mobility (PRMs)
- •Carriage of Inadmissible Passengers, Deportees or Persons in Custody
- •Stowage of Baggage and Cargo and Galley Equipment
- •Passenger Seating
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Flight Preparation
- •ATS Flight Plan
- •Refuelling and De-fuelling
- •Crew Members at Duty Stations
- •Seats, Safety Belts and Harnesses
- •Smoking
- •Ice and Other Contaminants
- •Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Ground Proximity Detection
- •Occurrence Reporting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 All Weather Operations
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Operating Minima: Operator’s Responsibility
- •Classification of Aeroplanes
- •Terminology
- •Take-off Minima
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR/Visibility
- •Figure 5.2 Exceptions
- •System Minima
- •Non-precision Approach
- •Minimum Descent Height
- •Visual Reference
- •Required RVR
- •No Decision Height Operations
- •Visual Reference
- •Category III RVR Requirements
- •Circling
- •Visual Approach
- •VFR Operating Minima
- •Special VFR
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Aeroplane Equipment and Instruments
- •Introduction
- •Basic Requirements
- •Internal Doors and Curtains
- •First Aid Kits
- •First Aid Oxygen
- •Break-in Markings
- •Means of Emergency Evacuation
- •Cockpit Voice Recorders (CVRs)
- •Summary
- •CVRs – Operation, Construction and Installation
- •Flight Data Recorders (FDRs)
- •Summary
- •Equipment for Compliance with Flight Rules
- •Single-pilot IFR Operations
- •Altitude Alerting System
- •Standby Horizon
- •Aeroplane Lighting
- •Flights over Water
- •Long Range Flights
- •Weather Radar
- •Equipment for Operations in Icing Conditions
- •Machmeter
- •ACAS
- •Communications Equipment
- •Internal Communications
- •Audio Selector Panel (ASP)
- •Navigation Equipment
- •Instrument Procedures
- •Installation
- •Electrical Circuit Fusing
- •Windshield Wipers
- •Items not Requiring Approval
- •Seats and Harnesses
- •‘Fasten Seat Belts’ and ‘No Smoking’ Signs
- •Carriage and Use of Supplemental Oxygen
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Megaphones
- •Emergency Lighting
- •Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
- •Survival Equipment
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •7 Crew, Logs and Records
- •Crew Composition
- •Commander
- •Relief of the Commander
- •Relief of the Co-pilot
- •System Panel Operator
- •Relief of System Panel Operator
- •Minimum Flight Crew for Operations under IFR or at Night
- •Conversion, Training and Checking
- •Type Rating
- •Conversion Training
- •Difference and Familiarization Training
- •Recurrent Training and Checking
- •Operator Proficiency Check
- •Line Checks
- •Emergency and Safety Equipment Training and Checking
- •Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training
- •Ground and Refresher Training
- •Aeroplane/STD Training
- •Pilot Qualifications to Operate in Either Pilot Seat
- •Recent Experience
- •Route and Aerodrome Qualification for Commander or PF
- •Operations on More Than One Type or Variant
- •Operation of Aeroplanes and Helicopters
- •Training Records
- •Cabin Crew
- •Journey Log
- •Operational Flight Plan (OFP)
- •Storage Periods
- •Flight and Duty Time Limitations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Long Range Flight and Polar Navigation
- •Navigation System Degradation
- •Course and INS Cross-checking
- •Unable to Continue in Accordance with ATC Clearance
- •Polar Navigation
- •Grid Navigation
- •Minimum Time Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •Introduction
- •Considerations
- •References
- •Transoceanic Navigation Problems
- •The Airspace
- •MNPS Authority
- •RVSM
- •Navigation System Requirements
- •Navigation System Serviceability
- •NAT Tracks
- •OTS Track Designation
- •OTS Changeover
- •Track Message Identifier (TMI)
- •Track Routings
- •Allocation of FLs
- •Domestic Routes
- •Polar Track Structure (PTS)
- •Other Routes within NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Route Structures Adjacent to NAT MNPS Airspace
- •Brest Oceanic Transition Area (BOTA)
- •Communications
- •SELCAL
- •Position Reports
- •Radio Failure in the North Atlantic Area
- •Initial Clearance
- •Transition
- •Meteorological Reports
- •Special Contingencies and Procedures
- •Strategic Lateral Offset Procedure (SLOP)
- •Deviation Around Severe Weather
- •Unable to Obtain Revised Clearance
- •Navigation System Failure
- •Errors Associated with Oceanic Clearances
- •Pre-flight and In-flight Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers.
- •10 Special Operational Procedures and Hazards
- •Operating Procedures
- •Minimum Equipment List (MEL) and Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)
- •Ground De-icing and Anti-icing Procedures
- •The Clean Aircraft Concept
- •Bird Strike Risk and Avoidance
- •Hazard to Aeroplanes
- •Bird Strike Report
- •Incompatible Land Use around Airports
- •Noise Abatement
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Fire and Smoke
- •Fire and Smoke
- •Fire in the Aeroplane
- •The Number and Location of Hand-held Fire Extinguishers
- •Smoke
- •Crew Protective Breathing Equipment (PBE)
- •Crash Axes and Crowbars
- •Overheated Brakes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Pressurization Failure
- •Pressurization Failure
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 Windshear and Microburst
- •Windshear and Microburst
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Wake Turbulence
- •Wake Turbulence
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Security
- •Security
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Emergency and Precautionary Landings
- •Ditching
- •Precautionary Landing
- •Passenger Briefing
- •Evacuation
- •Megaphones
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Fuel Jettison
- •Fuel Jettison
- •Jettison System Certification Requirement
- •Jettisoning Procedure
- •Safety
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
- •Technical Instructions
- •Labelling and Packaging
- •Loading Restrictions
- •Provision of Information
- •Emergencies
- •Training
- •Accident and Incident Reporting
- •Acceptance of Dangerous Goods
- •Inspection for Damage, Leakage or Contamination
- •Labelling
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •19 Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runways
- •Contaminated Runway
- •Damp Runway
- •Wet Runway
- •Dry Runway
- •Contaminant Depth Limitations
- •Aquaplaning (Hydroplaning)
- •Braking Action
- •Coefficient of Friction
- •Performance Considerations
- •SNOWTAMs
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •20 Revision Questions
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Index
Operator Supervision and Certification |
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The operator is required to notify the Authority of any changes to any of the required information or procedures once the application for the AOC has been submitted. If, for any reason, the Authority is not satisfied that the above requirements have been complied with, the Authority may ask for one or more demonstration flights to be carried out (as if the flights were full CAT flights).
Contents and Conditions of an AOC
The air operators certificate will specify:
•The name and location (principal place of business) of the operator.
•Date of issue and the period of validity.
•A description of the type of operation(s) authorized.
•The types (and marks or variant types) of aeroplanes authorized for use in the operation.
•The registration markings of the authorized aeroplanes.
•The authorized areas of operation.
•Any special limitations imposed by the Authority.
•The special authorizations and approvals (if any) granted by the Authority such as:
•CATII/III operations (including the approved minima).
•Operations in MNPS airspace.
•Extended Twin-engine Operations (ETOPS).
•Area Navigation Operations (RNAV).
•Operations in accordance with Reduced Vertical Separation Minima (RVSM).
•Operations involving the transportation of dangerous goods by air.
•Authorization to provide cabin crew initial safety training.
Terminology
The terms which are listed below are for use within the context of this regulation.
(a)Adequate aerodrome. An aerodrome which the operator considers to be satisfactory, taking account of the applicable performance requirements and runway characteristics; at the expected time of use, the aerodrome will be available and equipped with necessary ancillary services such as ATS, sufficient lighting, communications, weather reporting, navaids and emergency services.
(b)ETOPS (Extended range operations for two-engine aeroplanes). ETOPS operations are those with two-engine aeroplanes approved by the Authority (ETOPS approval), to operate beyond the threshold distance determined in accordance with EU-OPS from an adequate aerodrome.
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(c)Adequate ETOPS en route alternate aerodrome. An adequate aerodrome, which additionally, at the expected time of use, has an ATS facility and at least one instrument approach procedure.
(d)En route alternate (ERA) aerodrome. An adequate aerodrome along the route, which may be required at the planning stage.
(e)3% ERA. An en route alternate aerodrome selected for the purposes of reducing contingency fuel to 3%.
(f)Isolated aerodrome. If acceptable to the Authority, the destination aerodrome can be considered as an isolated aerodrome, if the fuel required (diversion plus final) to the nearest adequate destination alternate aerodrome is more than:
For aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fuel to fly for 45 minutes plus 15 % of the flight time planned to be spent at cruising level or two hours, whichever is less; or
For aeroplanes with turbine engines, fuel to fly for two hours at normal cruise consumption above the destination aerodrome, including final reserve fuel.
(g)Equivalent position. A position that can be established by means of a DME distance, a suitably located NDB or VOR, SRE or PAR fix or any other suitable fix between three and five miles from threshold that independently establishes the position of the aeroplane.
(h)Critical phases of flight. Critical phases of flight are the take-off run, the take-off flight path, the final approach, the landing, including the landing roll, and any other phases of flight at the discretion of the commander.
(i)Contingency fuel. The fuel required to compensate for unforeseen factors which could have an influence on the fuel consumption to the destination aerodrome such as deviations of an individual aeroplane from the expected fuel consumption data, deviations from forecast meteorological conditions and deviations from planned routings and/or cruising levels/ altitudes.
(j)Separate runways. Runways at the same aerodrome that are separate landing surfaces. These runways may overlay or cross in such a way that if one of the runways is blocked, it will not prevent the planned type of operations on the other runway. Each runway shall have a separate approach procedure based on a separate navigation aid.
(k)Approved one-engine-inoperative cruise speed. For ETOPS, the approved one-engine- inoperative cruise speed for the intended area of operation shall be a speed, within the certified limits of the aeroplane, selected by the operator and approved by the regulatory Authority.
(l)ETOPS area. An ETOPS area is an area containing airspace within which an ETOPS approved aeroplane remains in excess of the specified flying time in still air (in standard conditions) at the approved one-engine-inoperative cruise speed from an adequate ETOPS route alternate aerodrome.
(m)Dispatch. ETOPS planning minima applies until dispatch. Dispatch is when the aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking off.
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Operations Manual (OM)
Subpart P of EU-OPS contains the content requirements for the OM. The OM is provided for the guidance of personnel engaged in the operation. It consists of 4 parts:
Part A - General and Basic Information. This part includes procedures and information relating to:
•Administration and Control of OM.
•Organization and Responsibilities.
•Operational Control and Supervision.
•Quality System.
•Crew Composition.
•Qualification Requirements.
•Crew Health Precautions.
•Flight Time Limitations.
•Operating Procedures.
•Dangerous Goods and Weapons.
•Security.
•Handling, Notifying and Reporting of Occurrences.
•Rules of the Air.
•Leasing.
Part B - Aeroplane Operating Matters. This part includes procedures and information relating to:
•General Information and Units of Measurement.
•Limitations.
•Normal Procedures.
•Abnormal and Emergency Procedures.
•Performance.
•Flight Planning.
•Mass and Balance.
•Loading.
•Configuration Deviation List (CDL).
•Minimum Equipment List (MEL).
•Survival and Emergency Equipment including Oxygen.
•Emergency Evacuation Procedures.
•Aeroplane Systems.
Part C - Route and Aerodrome Instructions and Information. This is the section in which staff will find aerodrome operating minima and any special instruction for the calculation of minima and special data relating to aerodromes used as part of the operation.
Part D - Training. All personnel are required to be competent to carry out their duties. This section details the training method and requirements to ensure that all personnel are competent.
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General Rules for Operations Manuals |
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The operator is responsible for ensuring that the OM: |
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Contains all instructions and information necessary for operations personnel to conduct |
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their duty. |
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Contents, including all amendments or revisions, do not contravene any part of the AOC or |
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Must be approved by the Authority. |
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Must be prepared in the English language, unless otherwise approved by the Authority or |
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as prescribed by national law. It may be translated and used in full, or part, into another |
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language. |
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• Can be issued in separate volumes. |
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Is available for all operations personnel who must have easy access to a copy of each part |
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applicable to their duties. Crew members must be supplied with a personal copy, or sections |
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from, Parts A and B. |
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Must be amended and kept up to date and all personnel must be informed of the revision |
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relevant to their duties. |
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• Is up to date and all copies are amended with the revisions supplied by the operator. |
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Ops Manual Amendments |
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The regulations concerning amendment to the OM are as follows: |
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• The Authority must be supplied with any proposed amendment in advance of the effective |
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date. |
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If the amendment must be approved in accordance with EU-OPS, the approval shall be |
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obtained before the amendment becomes effective. |
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If the amendment is required to be immediate, in the interest of safety, the amendment |
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may be published immediately if permission is granted by the Authority. |
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All amendments required by the Authority must be included. |
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The contents are presented in a form which can be used without difficulty and the design |
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must observe Human Factors principles. |
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The OM may be presented in a form other than on printed paper but if so the format must |
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be accessible, usable and reliable to the user. |
Competence of Operations Personnel
An operator shall ensure that all personnel assigned to, or directly involved in, ground and flight operations are properly instructed, have demonstrated their abilities in their particular duties and are aware of their responsibilities and the relationship of such duties to the operation as a whole.
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