11. Typology of phraseology.

Phraseological expressions are structurally, lexically and semantically fixed phrases or sentences.There are different classifications of phraseological units based on different approaches: semantic (V.V.Vinogradov), functional (A.I. Smirnitsky), contextual (H.N.Amosova).

Semantic classification is the oldest and the most popular. It divides phraseological units into 3 groups:

1. Phraseological Fusions зрощення: heavy father – a serious part in a theatrical play; to spill the beans – to tell a secret.

2. Unities: a sacred сэйкрид cow що-небудь що ніколи не піддається критиці, to show one's teeth скалити зуби.

3. And Collocations: bad mistake (awful), to take tea (have).

A.V. Kunin divides phraseological units into 3 classes.

1. Idioms are set expressions, with fully or partially transferred meanings, e.g., to show the white feather злякатися.

2.Semi-idioms have both literal and figurative meanings e.g., chain reaction ланцюгова реакция, to lay down one's arms капитулювати.

3. Phraseomatic units are set expressions with literal but complex meanings e.g., to raise one's eyebrows підняти брови.

The structural types of phraseological units are:

1. Nominal phrases, e.g., a bit (piece) of one's mind сказати все що думаэш , троянський кінь, дамоклів меч;

2. Adjectival phrases, e.g., as good as gold золото а не, as pretty as a picture гарний як намальований.

3. Verbal phrases, e.g., kick two birds with one stone, брати бика за роги, пекти раків.

4. Adverbial phrases, e.g., as quick as a flash, tit for tat зуб за зуб;

6. Introductory phrases, e.g., after all, as a matter of fact.

7. Phrases with the structure of a sentence: a) sayings, e.g., never say die не впадай у відчай, b) proverbs, e.g., birds of a feather fly together, кулик кулика бачить здалека.

12. Borrowed elements

A borrowed word (or borrowing) is a word taken from another language and modified in phonetic shape, spelling and meaning according to the standards of the English language. English and Ukrainian borrowed words may be subdivided into classes:

1. Proper borrowings are words and expressions that retain their foreign form and meaning. E.g vis-a-vis (= face to face) – from French

2. Translation loans are words and expressions that are taken from another language through literal translation. Translation loans can be subdivided into lexical and semantic. А) Lexical translation loans (also calques кэлкс ) take place when in the process of the literal translation borrowed expressions preserve their original meaning. E.g honey moon - медовий місяць В) Semantic translation loans appear when a foreign meaning is transferred into a native word.

According to the degree of assimilation, borrowed words in English and in Ukrainian can be sub-divided into three groups:

• completely assimilated borrowings include early Latin and early French borrowings. Most of Ukrainian completely assimilated borrowings include Greek, Scandinavian and French e.g. street, wall,; take, want; figure, finish

• partly assimilated borrowings have retained some of their foreign features (e.g. in pronunciation) ballet, genre жонре, десант, жабо, жюри,

• non- assimilated borrowings are words and phrases that have preserved their original spelling, pronunciation, and meaning e.g де факто (= in fact) – from Latin