15. Free translation

Free translation is a method to deliver the intended meaning of the source text without paying attention to details such as syntax, style and so on of the original text. Free translation is suitable in case the translation is difficult to be understood or accepted by the readers or the translation seems not as attractive or powerful as the original text.

Free translation is the reproduction of the source form and content in a loose way. This concept means adding extra elements of information or losing some essential ones.

Free translation is appropriate in some cases: poetry translations are done with a certain degree of freedom. A translator is also free to modernize a classic text in order to subvert established target-language reader-response. Free translation is also admitted in the titles of novels, movies.

16. The kyivan Rus' sacral text

Ukrainian history of translation began soon after the adoption of Christianity in the tenth century. According to Nestor the Chronicler крониклэ, in the 11 sentury Yaroslav the Wise gathered together many translators to translate books from Greek in the St. Sophia Cathedral into the Slavonic language. It was the language of many ecclesiastic иклизиЭстик worksю Initially only the materials necessary for church services were translated, but soon the Bible began to appear in different cities of Kyivan Rus' . Next appeared Psalm Сам books. In those times, semi-ecclesiastic works, which were called apocryphaЭ became well-known.

A Spanish version of the Bible, translated and printed in Spain in the 16^th sentury. Some of this work was revised and corrected, and reprinted in the seventeenth century. Spanish Psalters were produced by Protestants. However, it was not in high circulation because they took so long to make. In addition, came Spanish New Testaments which were forbidden books by the Catholics Кэслик. The entire Old Testament unto that time had not been translated into the Spanish. However, in 1555 a Jewish Джуиш press printed a literal translation. It was not easy to read because of its poor syntax but it was useful in the translation of the whole Bible.

Caedmon the first Old English Christian poet, whose fragmentary hymn Хим to the creation is the expression of Christian themes. The St. John's Gospel was translated by scholar Bede Бід. Among the translated texts was (Duties of the Shepherd – Обов'язки пастиря). Pope St. Gregory translated a text Duties of the Shepherd Шэпэд which became a textbook for monastic schools.

17 Elegant translation

There are three trends which had influence in the periods of Classicism

1. The ancient strict word-for-word translation of ecclesiastic and philosOphic works.

2. The unrestricted free translation

3. The old trend adhering to theregular sense-to-sense translation without the unrestricted reductions or additions to the texts/works in their final translated versions.

Nevertheless, some people believed that the translator should faithfully convey not only the content but also the artistic merits of the source language works. That is why regular free adaptation was widely practised during the 17th-18th centuries.

Translation played a key role in the Renaissance since the very concept of the Renaissance was based on a new look at the classics of Greece and Rome. This required a large volume of translations from the original classical languages to the languages of Europe.

Typical Renaissance statements of translation principles are

1. The translator must understand perfectly the content and intention of the author he is translating.

2. The translator should have a perfect knowledge of the source language and an equally excellent knowledge of the 'target language'.

3. The translator should avoid the tendency to translate word for word.

4. The translator should employ forms of speech in common usage.

5. Through his choice and order of words the translator should produce a total overall effect with appropriate 'tone'.