The Environment

CUSTOMERS

LABOUR

COMPETITORS

ORGANISATION

GOVERNMENT

SUPPLIERS

Decision making/Problem Solving Steps

		Evaluate	Implement
Identify	Generate	and	and
the	alternative	choose	monitor
problem	solutions	alternative	the
		solutions	solution

Six Criteria to Systematically Evaluate Ideas

Feasibility

Quality

Acceptability

Costs

Reversibility

Ethics

The Overall Planning Process

Main Components of Planning

Mission

Goals

Plans

Goal Attainment (organisational efficiency and effectiveness)

Strategic Goals

Strategic	Strategic
Goals	Plans

Tactical	Tactical
Goals	Plans

Operational	Operational
Goals	Plans

Top Management

Organisation-wide perspective

Middle Management

Department perspective

First-Line Management

Inut/Individual perspective

How Goals Facilitate Performance

GOAL CONTENT

Challenging

Attainable

Specific

Measurable

Time-limited

Relevant

GOAL COMMITMENT

Supervisory authority

Peer and group pressures

Public display

Expectations of success

Incentives and rewards

Participation

J ob knowledge and ability

WORK BEHAVIOUR

Direction

Effort

Persistance

Planning

K nowledge of results or feedback

Task complexity

PERFORMANCE

Situational constraints (tools, materials and equipment)

Plans According to Extent of Recurring Use

Programs

Single-usePlans Projects

Budgets

Organisational

Plans

Policies

StandingPlans Procedures

Rules

The Strategic Management Process

Strategic Formulation

Assess

Environmental

Factors

Conduct

Develop

Identify current

Competitive Analysis

Specific Strengths

Mission

Strengths

Corporate

and

Weaknesses

Business

Strategic Goals

Opportunitites

Functional

Threats

Assess

Organisational

Factors

Strategic Implementation

Carry out			Maintain
Strategic Plans			Strategic Control

The functional structure of organization