Учебное пособие 2100

as you have an Internet connection, you can get your files back at any time from any computer.

Once data has been read into the computer via the input devices, it is processed by the CPU. The CPU then outputs the data using output devices, perhaps to a monitor or speakers, or saves it for later using a storage device. The primary responsibility of a computer processor is to execute a sequential set of instructions that constitute a program. CPU operation can be divided into four basic steps, namely, fetch, decode, execute and writeback. During the ‘fetch’ step, the processor retrieves program instructions from memory. In the decode step, the instruction is broken down into parts. The instruction set architecture of the CPU defines the way in which an instruction is decoded. In the ‘execute’ step, CPU performs the operation implied by the program instruction. During the ‘writeback’ step, the CPU writes back the results of execution, to the computer’s memory.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний:

базовые компоненты, обработка, вводить в компьютер, графический планшет, считыватель штрих-кода, изображение информации, выведение на печать, флеш-накопитель, облачное хранилище, безопасный, последовательный перечень инструкций, память, разделять на части, выполнять действия.

ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1.	Input devices …	a) holds all of your files, your operating system
		and programs.
2.	Output devices …	b) from storage devices.
3.	The data can be retrieved …	c) display or print out the information.
4.	Hard drive …	d) is to execute a sequential set of instructions.
5.	The primary responsibility of	e) send data to the CPU for processing.
a computer processor …

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.

1.The data is processed … the CPU.

2.CPU operation can be divided … four basic steps.

3.The processor retrieves program instructions … memory.

4.The hard drive is a very important storage device … your computer.

5.The computer might store the results of the processing … another time.

6.Thee processed data is useful … humans.

7.You can store data … someone else’s computer system by uploading files to it across the Internet.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите следующие предложения.

1.Data enters computer and is processed by … .

a)storage devices; b) CPU; c) output devices.

2.… are devices for audio output.

a)Information or data; b) Speakers or headphone; c) Printer or scanner.

3.When the power is switched … again, the data can be retrieved from the computer. a) off; b) at; c) on.

4.… helps you to economize storage space.

a)Blue ray discs; b) Internet access; c) Cloud storage.

5.During the ”…” step, the processor retrieves program instructions from memory.

a)writeback; b) fetch; c) decode

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Опровергните или подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1.Компьютеры имеют три основных элемента системы.

2.Существуют разные способы ввода информации в компьютер.

3.Устройства хранения содержат данные, которые хранятся и при выключенном компьютере.

4.Ты можешь получить доступ к облачному хранилищу при условии, что Интернет подключен.

5.На шаге «декодирования» процессор записывает результаты обработки в память.

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Читайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

All computers have input devices, o… devices and s … devices. I… devices enter d… into computer. U… output processed d… out of computer. S… devises store d… even when computer is switched off. By c… computing you store your d… by uploading files across the Internet. CPU p… the input data. A set of instruction constitute a p… CPU operations are: f…, d…, e…, w….. . The results of processing return to the m … of computer.

ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.What is the function of input devices? (take data; ‘outside world’ )

2.What to output devices do? (way of displaying/printing information)

3.What is special in the work of storage devices? (store the results for another time)

4.How can cloud computing be useful? (don’t have to use your own storage space)

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5.Who is responsible for safety of your files in cloud storage? (the cloud company)

6.What is the basic responsibility of the CPU? (date; process)

7.What are the basic CPU operations? (fetch; decode; execute; writeback).

ЗАДАНИЕ 13. Расскажите об устройствах ввода, вывода и хранения по следующему плану, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.The basic parts of a computer (input, output, storage devices, CPU).

2.Input devices (outside word, collected, touch screen, barcode reader, magnetic stripe).

3.Output devices (print out, hardcopy, handy, audio output).

4.Storage devices (results of processing, power off, power on, non-volatile).

5.Cloud storage (uploading, back up, cloud company, safe from viruses, Internet connection).

6.Central processor (read into output, save, execute, sequential set).

7.The basic CPU operations (four basic steps, fetch, decode, execute, write back).

Тексты для самостоятельной работы по теме «Digital Technologies»

Text A

Прочитайте текст и выполните задание.

Object-oriented Programming

One of the principal motivations for using Object-oriented Programming (OOP) is to handle multimedia applications in which such diverse data types as sound and video canbe packaged together into executable modules. Another is writing program code that's moreintuitive and reusable.

Perhaps the key feature of OOP is encapsulation-bundling data and program instructions intomodules called 'objects'. Here's an example ofhow objects work. An icon on a display screen might be called 'Triangles'. When the user selectsthe Triangles icon - which is an object composedof the properties of triangles andother data and instructions - a menu might appear on the screen offering several choices.

The choices may be: 1) create a new triangle and 2) fetch a triangle already in storage. The menu too, is an object, as are the choices on it. Each time a user selects an object, instructions inside the object are executed with whatever properties or data the object holds, to get to the next step. For instance, when the user wants to create a triangle, the application might execute a set of instructions that displays several types of triangles - right, equilateral, isosceles, and so on.

Many industry observers feel that the encapsulation feature of OOP is the natural tool for complex applications in which speech and moving images are

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integrated with text and graphics. With moving images and voice built into the objects themselves, program developers avoid the sticky problem of deciding how each separate type of data is to be integrated and synchronized into a working whole. A second key feature of OOP is inheritance. This allows OOP developers to define one class of objects, say 'Rectangles', and a specific instance of this class, say 'Squares'

Thus, all properties of rectangles - 'Has 4 sides' and 'Contains 4 right angles' are automatically inherited by Squares. Inheritance is a useful property in rapidly processing business data.

A third principle behind OOP is polymorphism. This means that different objects can receive the same instructions but deal with them in different ways. For instance, if the user right clicks the mouse on 'Right triangle', a voice clip might explain the properties of right triangles. However, if the mouse is right clicked on 'Equilateral triangle' the voice instead explains properties of equilateral triangles.

The combination of encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism leads to code reusability. 'Reusable code' means that new programs can easily be copied and pasted together from old programs. All one has to do is access a library of objects and stitch them into a working whole. This eliminates the need to write code from scratch and then debug it. Code reusability makes both program development and program maintenance faster.

WRITING TASK

Напишите эссе на английском языке о своем опыте программирования (язык программирования, который вы использовали, опишите практическую задачу, на решение которой была направлена программа).

Text B

Прочитайте текст и выполните задание.

The Internet of Things

What exactly is the Internet of Things, which is so popular today? Simply put, this means that machines, devices, vehicles, and other objects get access to Internet and/or locally deployed platforms that allow managing all these objects, and can be further connected with one another.

As technology is improving, the size of devices gets smaller and their power consumption is reduced as well. To apply Internet of Things technology (IoT) these small computers by themselves are not needed. In other words, they are not used as computers in the sense in which this term is applied to home computers; they are rather used for solving specific tasks. That is, they are needed to gather information from sensors or cameras and transfer it somewhere in a single place. These small devices are capable of communicating with either the common module – the hub, or

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with each other (peer to peer). Then the hub transmits the collected data to the Internet on a cloud platform for processing.

Basic data transmission technologies include: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GSM modules, 3G/4G.

Today IoT solutions are applicable in a variety of spheres – manufacturing automation, “smart home”, wearables, medicine and healthcare, and many more.

Although many examples of using the IoT have already become common for many people, some solutions are truly non-standard and are able to change the usual course of things in various areas of life.

Below are some outstanding applications of IoT.

BabyBe Company has developed a unique system which allows premature babies to feel the heartbeat, breathing motion and voice of their mothers whilst inside the incubator. This is achieved with the help of the complementary device for Incubators and that connects a mother with her premature baby by replicating the movement of her heartbeat and lungs.

Shockbox is a must-have device for collision sports. After being attached to a player’s helmet, it is capable of measuring head impacts by means of sensor technology and Bluetooth. If the device detects that a player has experienced a hit that can potentially result in a concussion, it sends an alert to a coach’s smartphone.

Siren Company has developed unique Diabetic Socks which are made of neurofabric – the first textile with the built-in microsensors. Based on the foot temperature changes data, this product diagnose diabetes in the early stages and prevent foot injuries.

Many IoT devices (say, a TV, a stereo system, a smart lighting system or a virtual assistant) are controlled with the help of voice commands gestures.

Looking at the benefits IoT solutions provide, it is fair to say that they give people a completely different level of comfort. This is especially true about the lives of households. However, despite the variety opportunities that have been discovered with IoT some people are beginning to worry that machines and devices are gaining more control over activities that humans previously performed. Are our lives completely controlled or is there still a sphere where man can live his usual human life?

WRITING TASK

Напишите эссе на английском языке о том, каким образом можно применить Интернет вещей: а) в сфере образования; б) в социальной сфере; в) в сфере производства.

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Unit 2

Present Robotics

Text 1

Robotics

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения, обращая внимание на части речи:

a)существительные: robotics, design, construction, operation, technology, action, radiation, nature, concept, bomb, nanorobot, medicine, intelligence

b)прилагательные: interdisciplinary, mechanical, sensory, human, classical, potential, various, practical

c)глаголы: use, substitute, replicate, create, manufacture, serve, manage, inject, revolutionize

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Прочитайте предложение и догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов.

1.Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science, and others.

2.Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation and use of robots.

3.These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions.

4.Many of today's robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bioinspired robotics.

5.Robotics overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.

ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Используя образец и выражения, данные справа, определите основные сферы применения робототехники.

Образец: Robotics includes mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science, and others.

1.Robotics is …

2.Robotics includes

…

3.Robotics involves

…

a)an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science

b)mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science

c)in dangerous environments, manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive

d)the design, construction, operation and use of robots,

as well as computer systems for their control

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4.	Robotics deals	e) the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of
with …		robots
5.	Robots can be
used …

ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1)to include, v – включать, состоять, содержать

2)feedback, n – обратная связь, ответная реакция

3)processing, n – обработка (данных)

4)purpose, n – цель, задача, назначение

5)containment, n – сдерживание, защитная оболочка, герметичность

6)hazardous materials – опасные материалы

7)appearance, n – внешний вид, наружность

8)behavior, n – поведение, поступок, действие

9)perform, v – выполнять, осуществлять

10)inspire, v – вызывать, вдохновлять

11)contribute, v – способствовать

12)mine, n – месторождение, рудник, шахта

13)shipwreck, n – кораблекрушение, затонувший корабль

14)involve, v – вовлекать, задействовать

15)overlap, v – совмещать

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Robotics

Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science that includes mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science, and others. Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing.

These technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions. Robots can be used in many situations and for lots of purposes, but today many are used in dangerous environments (including bomb detection and deactivation), manufacturing processes, or where humans cannot survive (e.g. in space, under water, in high heat, and clean up and containment of). Robots can take on any form but some are made to resemble humans in appearance. This is said to help in the acceptance of a robot in certain replicative behaviors usually performed by people. Such robots attempt to replicate walking, lifting, speech, cognition, or any other human activity. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature, contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics.

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The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20-th century. Throughout history, it has been frequently assumed by various scholars, inventors, engineers, and technicians that robots will one day be able to mimic human behaviour and manage tasks in a human-like fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots are built to do jobs that are hazardous to people, such as defusing bombs, finding survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring mines and shipwrecks. Robotics is also used in STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) as a teaching aid. The advent of nanorobots, microscopic robots that can be injected into the human body, could revolutionize medicine and human health.

Robotics is a branch of engineering that involves the conception, design, manufacture, and operation of robots. This field overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

1)	обработка информации	a) sensory feedback
2)	сенсорная обратная связь	b) information processing
3)	опасные материалы и радиация	c) bio-inspired robotics
4)	быстро развивающаяся отрасль	d) conception, design, manufacture and
		operation of robots
5)	машиностроение, электронная	e) a rapidly growing field
техника, информационная техника,
информатика
6)	концепция, проектирование,	f) mechanical engineering, electronic
производство и эксплуатация роботов		engineering, information engineering,
		computer science
7)	биотехнологическая	g) hazardous materials and radiation
робототехника
8)	попытка воспроизвести	h) manufacturing processes
(скопировать)
9)	опасные среды (включая	i) substitute for humans and replicate
обнаружение и обезвреживание		human actions
бомб)
10) производственные процессы		j) attempt to replicate
11) заменять людей и воспроизводить		k) dangerous environments (including
человеческие действия		bomb detection and deactivation)

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ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.
1.	Robotics includes …		a) hazardous to people, such as defusing bombs,
			finding survivors in unstable ruins, and exploring
			mines and shipwrecks.
2.	Robotics deals with	…	b) the conception, design, manufacture, and operation
			of robots.
3. Many robots are built to			c) but	today	many are	used in	dangerous
do jobs that are …			environments, manufacturing processes, or where
			humans cannot survive.
4.	Robots can be used in		d) the	design,	construction,	operation	and use of
many situations and		for	robots, as well as computer systems for their control,
lots of purposes …			sensory feedback, and information processing.

5. Robotics is a branch of e) mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, engineering that involves information engineering, computer science.

…

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимые предлоги.

1.Robotics deals … the design, construction, operation and use of robots.

2.These technologies are used … develop machines that can substitute … humans and replicate human actions.

3.The concept … creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back … classical times.

4.The advent … nanorobots, microscopic robots that can be injected … the human body, could revolutionize medicine and human health.

5.Robots are made to resemble humans in appearance to help … the acceptance … a robot … certain replicative behaviors usually performed … people.

ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите следующие предложения.

1.Robotics is an … branch of engineering and science.

a)interdisciplinary; b) autonomous.

2.Robotics deals with the computer systems for sensory feedback and … .

a)medicine and human health; b) information processing.

3.Machines can substitute for humans and … human actions.

a)replicate; b) develop.

4.Research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the … .

a)21-st century; b) 20-th century.

5.Robotics is also used in … as a teaching aid.

a)STEM; b) STEAM.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1. Робототехника является междисциплинарной отраслью техники и науки. (Robotics is an interdisciplinary branch of engineering and science.)

2.Робототехника занимается разработкой, производством, эксплуатацией и использованием роботов.

(Robotics deals with the design, construction, operation and use of robots.)

3.Технологии используются для разработки машин, которые могут заменить людей и воспроизводить человеческие действия.

(Technologies are used to develop machines that can substitute for humans and replicate human actions.)

4.Многие современные роботы вносят свой вклад в развитие биотехнологической робототехники.

(Many of today's robots contribute to the field of bio-inspired robotics.)

5.Робототехника пересекается с электроникой, информатикой, искусственным интеллектом, мехатроникой, нанотехнологиями и биоинженерией.

(Robotics overlaps with electronics, computer science, artificial intelligence, mechatronics, nanotechnology and bioengineering.)

ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Читайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

Robotics deals with the d…, construction, o… and use of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, s…f… and information p… . Robots can be used in many situations and for lots of p…, but today many are used in d… e… (including bomb detection and deactivation), m… processes, or where humans cannot survive. Robots are made to resemble humans in a… . Such robots a… to r… walking, lifting, speech, cognition, or any other human activity. Many of today's robots are i… by n…, c… to the field of bio-inspired robotics.

ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.What is robotics? (interdisciplinary branch)

2.What does roboticsinclude? (mechanical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, computer science)

3.What does robotics deal with? (design, construction, operation, use of robots, computer systems for control, sensory feedback, information processing)

4.What can machines do? (substitute for humans, replicate human actions)

5.What purposes are robots may usually be used for? (dangerous environments, jobs hazardous to people)

6.Why are some robots made to resemble humans in appearance? (to help in the acceptance of a robot)

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