Учебное пособие 2100

Some specialized GPS receivers can also store data for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and map making.

WRITING TASK

Подготовьте презентацию на английском языке на тему «Применение возможностей GPS для решения бытовых задач».

Text B

Прочитайте текст и выполните задание.

Geospatial Reference System

Knowing where you are, where things around you are and being able to navigate between them has always been important. Explorers navigated the seas in search of faraway lands and created detailed maps of the Earth using the sun and clocks to compute their position. Surveyors trekked through unchartered regions carrying heavy equipment to measure the highest peaks relative to sea level. Engineers met in the middle with incredible accuracy after tunneling through mountains, underground or underwater. It is all thanks to having an accurate and robust Geospatial Reference System.

A Geospatial Reference System is the collection of:

datum, reference frames and working surfaces;

infrastructure, including a national network of Global Navigation Satellite

System Continuously Operating Reference Stations and survey marks to provide an authoritative and accurate network in support of positioning applications;

models describing dynamic, geophysical processes that affect spatial measurements; and

standards to ensure positioning information is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (e.g. ISO / OGC / Geodesy ML).

Like the foundations of a house, a Geospatial Reference System provides a stable, accurate and reliable frame on which accurate measurements can be made and connected together. One common type of frame are the graticule (grid) of lines of latitude and longitude on the Earth where the equator is our zero point (point of reference) for latitude and the Greenwich meridian is our zero point for longitude.

This frame, providing zero points to which we refer positions, directions and measurements of the Earth, is priceless.

The importance of Geospatial Reference Systems was recognized by the United Nations in 2015 with the adoption of a General Assembly Resolution.

A Geospatial Reference System underpins the collection, management and alignment of spatial information and enables us to monitor the dynamic Earth as it breathes. In addition to the traditional survey, mapping and navigation fields, spatial information are increasingly critical for civil engineering, industrial automation,

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agriculture, construction, mining, recreation, intelligent transport systems, land use planning and administration, construction and hazard assessment, disaster response and emergency management, environmental studies and scientific research. The Geospatial Reference System is the glue that allows us to align these spatial data to make better decisions.

WRITING TASK

Напишите эссе на английском языке о пространственной системе координат вашей родной местности, используя компоненты е структуры, упомянутые в тексте.

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PART II

BUILDING MATERIALS

Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many natural substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacturing of building materials is an established industry in many countries. Building materials provide the make-up of habitats and structures.

All building materials are divided into three groups:

1.Main building materials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals.

2.Binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cements.

3.Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the buildings.

We use main building materials for bearing structures, binding materials are used for making artificial stone and for joining different planes. We use secondary materials for the interior finish of the buildings.

1.What is building material?

2.What types of building materials are there?

3.What binding materials do you know?

4.Where are building materials used?

Unit 1

Modern Building Materials

Text 1

Modern Architectural Glass

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения, обращая внимание на часть речи:

a)существительные: prism, compression, component, column, material;

b)прилагательные: extreme, temperature, ecological, architectural, laminated;

c)глаголы: consist, construct, laminate.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Прочитайте предложения и догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов.

1.One of the most popular materials nowadays is architectural glass.

2.The external walls of a building are made of brick.

3.There are three internal walls in the house that divide it into separate rooms.

4.If a partition is transparent, you can clearly see through it.

5.In the North building materials should resist extreme temperatures.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Используя образец и выражения, данные справа, скажите, в каких строительных конструкциях применяется стекло.

Образец: Glass is used in all buildings.

		a)	glazing
		b)	external walls
1.	Glass is used in …	c)	windows
2.	The building materials made of	d)	internal partitions
	glass are ….	e)	decorative elements
		f)	partitions
		g)	columns and beams

ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1)building envelope – ограждающая конструкция здания

2)glazing – застекление

3)transparent – прозрачный

4)reinforced – армированный, укрепленный

5)toughened glass – высокопрочное, закаленное стекло

6)silica – кремнезем, кварц

7)soda ash – кальцинированная сода

8)lime – известь

9)blowing – дутье

10)durability – долговечность, прочность

11)mold – литейная форма

12)available – доступный

13)fragility – хрупкость

14)brittleness – хрупкость, ломкость

15)cast class – литое стекло

16)heat-strengthened – термоупрочненное

17)solidify – затвердевать

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Modern Architectural Glass

Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material. It is most typically used for transparent glazing in the building envelope, including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. In buildings glass of a safety type is used, which includes reinforced, toughened and laminated glasses.

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Glass was discovered in ancient areas of Persia and Egypt. Production of glass in modern times has not changed much. It is made of sand (which consists of silica, soda ash and lime), which is heated to extreme temperatures. Then it is cooled down and shaped into almost any form by blowing or pouring in pre-designed molds. If you use additives you can provide glass with any colour or opacity, improve its quality, durability and other properties.

Glass has both advantages and disadvantages. Its main advantage is strength and transparency. Also, it is ecologically clean and available building material. The disadvantage of glass is its fragility and brittleness.

There are many different kinds of architectural glass: cast glass, prism glass, laminated glass, heat-strengthened glass, self-cleaning glass, etc. Cast glass is made by directing molten glass into a mould where it solidifies. Prism glass is architectural glass which bends light. It is used for sidewalks, in windows and partitions. Laminated glass consists of two or more layers of glass. The layers prevent it from breaking apart. Heat-strengthened glass induces surface compression. Self-cleaning glass destroys and washes away any organic compounds on the window surface.

Transparent buildings and structures are very popular in contemporary architecture. Structural glass components such as columns and beams are often required, but this material seems structurally unsafe because of its brittleness. For this reason a new construction technique has been developed. It uses very long overlapping glass segments to create glass beams. These are made by bonding the segments adhesively. Also, a small stainless steel profile can be added to the layout of the glass beam to reinforce it.

Glass is widely used not only in construction, but in many other spheres of life: IT technology, medicine, decoration, chemistry, communication and many others.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

a) sidewalk	1)	самоочищающееся стекло
b) layers of glass	2)	разбивать
c) break apart	3)	смывать, очищать
d) self-cleaning class	4)	современная архитектура
e) wash away	5)	органические соединения
f) organic compounds	6)	стеклянные листы, расположенные
	внахлест
g) contemporary architecture	7)	пешеходная дорожка
h) overlapping glass	8)	слои стекла

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ЗАДАНИЕ 7. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1.	Glass was discovered …	a) can provide glass with any colour or
		opacity.
2.	Additives …	b)its	fragility	and brittleness.
3.	The advantages of glass are…	c) small stainless steel profile can be added
		to it.
4.	The disadvantages of glass are	d)in ancient areas of Persia and Egypt.
…
5.	To reinforce glass …	e) strength and transparency.

ЗАДАНИЕ 8. Вставьте необходимый предлог.

1.Glass is most typically used … transparent glazing.

2.Glass is made … sand, which is heated to extreme temperatures.

3.Cast glass is made … directing molten glass into a mould.

4.There are many different kinds … architectural class

5.Lamination prevents glass … breaking apart.

6.Glass columns and beams seem structurally unsafe because … its brittleness.

7.Glass is widely used … construction for many centuries.

ЗАДАНИЕ 9. Выбрав правильный вариант, закончите следующие предложения.

1.Glass is used for internal partitions and as an architectural … .

a)façade; b) feature; c) future.

2.The basic ingredient of glass – sand - consists of silica, soda ash and … .

a)lime; b) stone; c) cement.

3.… is made by directing molten glass into a mould.

a)heat-strengthened glass; b) prism glass; c) cast glass.

4.… class destroys and washes away any organic compounds on the window surface.

a)Self-cleaning; b) Laminated glass; c) Prism glass.

5.A small … profile can be added to reinforce the glass beam.

a)brick; b) stainless steel; c) lime.

ЗАДАНИЕ 10. Подтвердите словами из текста, что:

1.Стекло применяют как для внутренних, так и для внешних строительных элементов здания.

2.Принцип производства стекла не изменился с древних времен.

3.Стекло имеет как преимущества, так и недостатки.

4.Существует несколько видов стекла.

5.Стекло применяют в разных сферах жизни.

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ЗАДАНИЕ 11. Прочитайте текст, вставляя пропущенные слова, которые соответствуют тексту.

A … glass is a modern building material. Glass is used for w… and external w… . The main ingredient of glass is s… . It is heated, cooled d … and poured in pre-designed m… . Laminated glass c… of two or more layers of glass. P… glass is architectural glass which bends light.

A new construction t… has been developed to make glass columns and beams structurally safer. Glass is widely used not only in c… .

ЗАДАНИЕ 12. Ответьте на вопросы, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.How is architectural glass used? (transparent glazing; building envelope; windows external walls)

2.What are safety types of architectural glass? (reinforced; toughened; laminated)

3.Where was glass first discovered? (Persia and Egypt)

4.How is glass made? (sand, heated to extreme temperatures; cooled down; shaped; molds)

5.What are advantages and disadvantages of glass? (strength; transparency; ecologically clean; available; fragility; brittleness)

6.What are the main types of glass? (cast class; prism glass; laminated glass; heatstrengthened glass; self-cleaning class)

7.How are glass structures reinforced? (new construction technique; overlapping glass segments; glass beams; bond the segments adhesively; stainless steel profile)

8.Where is glass used? (construction; IT technology; medicine; decoration; chemistry; communication, etc.).

ЗАДАНИЕ 13. Расскажите об архитектурно-строительном стекле по следующему плану, используя слова, данные в скобках.

1.Building elements made of glass (building material, transparent glazing in the building envelope, internal partitions, architectural feature).

2.Production of glass (sand, heated, extreme temperatures, cooled down, shaped, blown, molds, additives).

3.Properties of glass (strength, transparency, ecologically clean, available, fragility, brittleness).

4.Different types of glass (cast class, prism glass, laminated glass, heatstrengthened glass, self-cleaning class)

5.Application of architectural glass (construction, IT technology, medicine, decoration, chemistry, communication).

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Text 2

Advanced Building Materials

Making New Construction More Sustainable

ЗАДАНИЕ 1. Прочитайте интернациональные слова и определите их значения, обращая внимание на части речи:

a)существительные: problems, architects, material(s), technology, results, facades, standard, bacteria, energy, panels, electricity, communication, device, production, tornado;

b)прилагательные: normal, perpendicular, non-toxic, electronic, ultra violet;

c)глаголы: combine, react.

ЗАДАНИЕ 2. Догадайтесь о значении выделенных слов в предложении.

1.Children believe in miracles.

2.Rivers in big cities are polluted.

3.The pie has three layers.

4.We purify the water at home by filtering it.

5.Stone is a versatile building material.

ЗАДАНИЕ 3. Используя образец и выражения, данные справа, скажите, какие современные материалы используют строители и архитекторы.

Образец: Modern constructors use cross laminated timber in building structures.

	a) cross laminated timber in building
	structures.
1.Modern constructors use …	b) Kebony in building structures.
	c) titanium dioxides in building
2.Modern architects use …	structures.
	d) graphene in building structures.
	e) impact resistant glass in building
	structures.

ЗАДАНИЕ 4. Познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями, которые помогут вам понять текст:

1)sustainable, a – надежный и эффективный

2)alterations, n – модификации

3)cross laminated timber – перекрестно склеенная древесина, многослойные клееные деревянные панели

4)cross direction – поперечное направление

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5)knotty timber – сучковатая древесина

6)grain, n – волокно

7)beams, n – ламели

8)ebony, n – черное, эбеновое дерево

9)bio-waste liquid– жидкие биоотходы

10)titanium dioxide – диоксид титана, двуокись титана

11)prefinished facades of the buildings – готовые, промышленным способом

изготовленные фасады зданий

12)supplement, v – дополнять

13)graphene, n – графен

14)graphite, n – графит

15)PV panels (solar photo voltaic panels) – солнечные батареи

16)electronic paper – электронная бумага

17)communication devices – устройства связи

18)impact resistant glass – ударопрочное стекло

19)advancement, n – достижение

20)major, a – масштабный

21)groundbreaking, a – инновационные

ЗАДАНИЕ 5. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Advanced Building Materials

Making New Construction More Sustainable

Every city, big or small, faces the problems with contemporary buildings and environmental issues. Constructors and architects have to search for new materials, and here are some of the most sustainable and advanced building materials found.

CLT (Cross Laminated Timber) and Kebony

Today’s technology has worked miracles on wood alterations. They have found several ways of making wood hard and strong enough to be considered as part of the emerging advanced building materials used in construction activities. The results of researches are CLT and Kebony. CLT is a lightweight and extremely strong material. Unlike normal wood, it is strong both in grain and cross direction, because of its perpendicular layers. In addition, since it relies on layers of smaller beams, it reduces waste by using knotty timber that mills usually reject. Kebony is another developed type of wood, which is more durable and stronger than ebony and it is eco-friendly and non-toxic. This green wood is made in a process of combining sustainable softwood, bio-waste liquid and heat.

Titanium Dioxide

Since lots of cities are polluted with exhaust fumes and dirt in the air, we need something in our buildings to purify that air and create a much more pleasant environment. Titanium dioxide is a simple addition we can make to all the prefinished facades of the buildings. If only a nano-coating of titanium dioxideis

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applied on the outer skin of the building, it will pull the dirt, grease and bacteria out of the air, thus purify it. Titanium dioxide reacts to sunlight that acts on it during the day, and supplementing it by ultra violet light at night. Those UV lights can be easily powered by energy collected through PV panels, and could serve as lights that will glow during the night.

Graphene

It is a new material that is made from graphite and it is famous for being super thin and strong and an amazing conductor of electricity and heat. It is one of the most versatile materials that could be used in building nearly anything. Scientists believe it could improve solar energy and allow creation and operation of solar panels at lower costs. In addition, because of its thinness and flexibility, it could be used for electronic paper and communication devices that could bend. However, the main aim is incorporating it into building structures, which can lead to a better and healthier environment and lower costs.

Impact Resistant Glass

The advancement in glass production has led us to the development of impact resistant glass. This strong glass is typically used in homes that are located in hurricane or tornado zones, and it eliminates the potential of injuries caused by glass debris damaged in major weather events. Not only this glass makes homes safe, but encourages larger windows and using less concrete and other building materials, thus preserving the environment and lowering the bills of homeowners.

We are responsible for the world we are making, so we should do our best to use the advanced technology and science for making some groundbreaking sustainable advanced building materials.

ЗАДАНИЕ 6. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

1)	новейшие строительные	a) in grain and cross direction
материалы
2)	домовладельцы	b) an amazing conductor of electricity
3)	по направлению волокна и в	c) a nano-coating
противоположном направлении
4)	сокращает отходы	d) homeowners
5)	простая добавка	e) hurricane
6)	нанопокрытие	f) advanced building materials
7)	внешняя поверхность здания	g) reduces waste
8)	прекрасный проводник	h) major weather events
электричества
9)	ураган	i) the outer skin of the building
10) масштабные погодные		j) a simple addition
катаклизмы

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