Glossary

1.From scratch – ab ovo, from the very beginning – to start at the beginning, without being allowed any advantages. Eg: Recently, there have been investigations on how to reorganize an existing web site. But none of them has addressed the problem of organizing a web site automatically from scratch.

2. to fall into disuse – to come into disuse, to get out of use - state of no longer being used. Eg: Jacquard looms and Charles Babbage's Difference Engine both had extremely limited languages, so punch cards very soon fell into disuse.

EXERCISE 13

Speak about programming languages, using words and word combinations before the text I and II.

EXERCISE 14

Read the text and explain what you understand under the term «computer programming». Learn the terms from text below.

equation— уравнение, приравнивание

list of instructions — перечень команд

guard— защищать; предохранять; завершать; за­канчивать

appropriate sequence— необходимая (требуемая) последовательность

program logic — логическая последовательность выпол­нения программы

flowchart— блок-схема; составлять блок-схе­му

flowcharting — построение блок-схемы

pictorial representation — наглядное представление

predefined symbols— заранее заданные символы

specifics— специальные черты; характерные особенности

emplate [im'pleit] — шаблон; маска; образец; эталон

pseudocode— псевдокод; псевдопро­грамма

burden— издержки; затраты

programming rules — правила программирования

consume — потреблять; расходовать

emphasize— выделять; подчеркивать

top-down approach — принцип нисходящей разработки

looping logic — логическая схема выполнения (опера­ций) в цикле

Computer programming

Programming is the process of preparing a set of coded instructions which enables the computer to solve specific problems or to perform specific functions. The essence of computer programming is the encoding of the program for the computer by means of algorithms. The thing is that any problem is expressed in mathematical terms; it contains formulae, equations and calculations. But the computer cannot manipulate formulae, equations and calculations. Any problem must be specially processed for the computer to understand it, that is — coded or programmed.

The phase in which the system's computer programs are written is called the development phase. The programs are lists of instructions that will be followed by the control unit of the central processing unit (CPU). The instructions of the program must be complete and in the appropriate sequence, or the wrong answers will result. To guard against these errors in logic and to document the program's logical approach, logic plans should be developed.

There are two common techniques for planning the logic of a program. The first technique is flowcharting. A flowchart is a plan in the form of a graphic or pictorial representation that uses predefined symbols to illustrate the program logic. It is, therefore, a "picture" of the logical steps to be performed by the computer. Each of the predefined symbols shapes stands for a general operation. The symbol shape communicates the nature of the general operation, and the specifics are written within the symbol. A plastic or metal guide called a template is used to make drawing the symbols easier.

The second technique for planning program logic is called pseudocode. Pseudocode is an imitation of actual program instructions. It allows a program-like structure without the burden of programming rules to follow. Pseudocode is less time-consuming for the professional programmer than is flowcharting. It also emphasizes a top-down approach to program structure.

Pseudocode has three basic structures: sequence, decision, and looping logic. With these three structures, any required logic can be expressed.

EXERCISE 15 Answer the following questions according to the text

1. What is programming?

2. What is the essence of programming?

3. What should be done with the problem before processing by the computer?

4. What is a program?

5. What are instructions?

6. What are the main techniques for planning the program logic?

7. What is a flowchart?

8. What is a template and what is it used for?

9. What do you understand by "pseudocode"?

10. What are the basic structures of pseudocode?

EXERCISE 16

Find the English equivalents to the words from the text:

шаблон; необходимая последовательность; совокупность закодированных команд; суть компьютерного программирования; защищать от ошибок; кодирование посредством алгоритма; формулы, уравнения, вычисления; обработать особым образом; логическая последовательность выполнения программы; перечень команд; составлять план логической последовательности; общепринятая методика; построение блок-схемы; наглядное представление; заранее заданные символы; псевдопрограмма; без издержек; выделять принцип нисходящей обработки; расходовать меньше времени; логическая схема выполнения операций в цикле; необходимая последовательность операций.

EXERCISE 17

Find the Russian equivalents to the English word combinations from the box

Программа в двоичном коде; прикладная программа; программа, выполняемая в защищенном режиме; (не) совместимая программа; бесплатная программа; программа отладки; часто используемая (распространенная) программа; сервисная программа; сторожевая программа; дистанционная программа; программа моделирования; вспомогательная программа; программа для доступа (к данным); программа, работающая с базой данных; обучающая программа; универсальная программа; программа обработки данных; программа операционной системы (системная программа); выполняемая программа; сетевая /несетевая программа; самозагружающаяся программа; программа управления; программа обнаружения вирусов, заархивированная программа; программа, выполняемая с большой скоростью.

Program: access program; protected-mode program; application program; archived program; control / management program; binary program; operating (-system) program; common program; compatible / incompatible program; database program; educational / teaching / training program; free program; general-purpose program; high-performance program; off-line program; on-line program; processing program; remote program; running program; self-loading program; simulation program; debugging program; support program; utility program; virus-detection program; watch-dog program.

EXERCISE 18

Translate the sentences with Subjunctive Mood

1. It is required that the programmer should code the instructions of the program in the appropriate sequence.

2. The manager demanded that the work should be performed in time.

3. Without the Sun there would be no light, no heat, and no energy of any kind.

4. It is necessary that the program should be debugged (отлажена) by a programmer.

5. Write down the algorithm of comput­er operations lest you should make errors.

6. Our teacher speaks English as if she were a real Englishwoman.

7. I wished you had mentioned these facts while the subject was being discussed.

8. I wish it were summer now and we could go to the seaside.

9. I should like to be a top specialist in computer technology.

10. American scientists suggested that the quantum generator should be called laser, which is the acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation.

EXERCISE 19 Learn the terms from text

programming language – язык программирования

coded form – кодированное представление; кодированный вид

to convey — передавать; сообщать

to improve — улучшать, совершенствовать

machine-oriented language — машинно-ориентирован­ный язык

business-oriented language — язык для (программирования) экономических задач

problem-oriented language — проблемно-ориентированный язык

string of binary — строка двоичного представления

data handling — обработка данных; работа с данными

field-name length — длина имени поля

incorporate features — включать свойства, особенности

versatile — многофункциональный; разносторонний; универсальный

generous — большой, значительный (о количестве)

mathematical relationship — математическая связь (соотношение)

EXERCISE 20

Read the text about programming languages and be ready to answer the following questions:

1. What is the process of writing instructions called?

2. What is a code?

3. How must instructions be written?

4. What is the foundation of any programming language?

5. How was the development of programming languages progressing throughout the years?

6. What are the most common problem-oriented languages?

7. What is COBOL?

8. What functions was COBOL designed for?

9. What does FORTRAN serve for?

10. What capabilities has PL/I?