- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Definitions
- •Introduction
- •Abbreviations
- •Definitions
- •2 International Agreements and Organizations
- •The Chicago Convention
- •International Law
- •Commercial Considerations
- •Customs and Excise, and Immigration
- •International Obligations of Contracted States
- •Duties of ICAO Member States
- •Status of Annex Components
- •The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- •The Organization of ICAO
- •Regional Structure of ICAO
- •Regional Structure and Offices
- •ICAO Publications
- •Other International Agreements
- •The Conventions of Tokyo, the Hague and Montreal
- •The Warsaw Convention
- •The Rome Convention
- •IATA
- •ECAC
- •EASA
- •Eurocontrol
- •World Trade Organization
- •Geneva Convention
- •EU Regulation 261/2004
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Airworthiness of Aircraft
- •Introduction
- •Airworthiness
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
- •Introduction
- •Nationality and Registration Marks
- •Certification of Registration
- •Aircraft Markings
- •Classification of Aircraft
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 Flight Crew Licensing
- •Introduction
- •Definitions
- •General Rules Concerning Licensing
- •Licences and Ratings for Pilots
- •Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL)
- •Instrument Rating (Aeroplane) (IR(A))
- •Instructor and Examiner Rating
- •JAR-FCL 3 Medical Requirements
- •Pilot Proficiency
- •EASA Theoretical Knowledge Examinations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Rules of the Air
- •History
- •Applicability of the Rules of the Air
- •General Rules
- •Visual Flight Rules
- •Instrument Flight Rules
- •Semi-circular Flight Level Rules and RVSM
- •Special VFR
- •Distress and Urgency Signals
- •Restricted, Prohibited or Danger Areas
- •Signals for Aerodrome Traffic
- •Marshalling Signals
- •Flight Deck Signals
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Instrument Procedures
- •PANS OPS
- •Instrument Departure Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Approach Procedures
- •Procedure Basics
- •Approach Procedure Design
- •Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height
- •Operating Minima
- •Descent Gradients
- •Track Reversal and Racetracks
- •Missed Approach Segment and Procedure
- •Published Information
- •RNAV Approach Procedures based on VOR/DME
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •9 Circling Approach
- •Circling Approach
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 Holding Procedures
- •Holding Procedures
- •Entry Sectors
- •ATC Considerations
- •Obstacle Clearance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Altimeter Setting Procedure
- •Altimeter Setting Objectives
- •Transition
- •Phases of Flight
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation
- •Safety
- •Runway Spacing
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 SSR and ACAS
- •Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Airspace
- •Introduction
- •Control Areas and Zones
- •Classes of Airspace
- •Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
- •Airways and ATS Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Air Traffic Services
- •Introduction
- •Air Traffic Control
- •ATC Clearances
- •Control of Persons and Vehicles at Aerodromes
- •The Flight Information Service
- •The Alerting Service
- •Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Separation
- •Concept of Separation
- •Vertical Separation
- •Horizontal Separation
- •Radar Separation
- •Procedural Wake Turbulence Separation
- •Radar Wake Turbulence Separation
- •Visual Separation in the Vicinity of Aerodromes
- •Stacking
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Control of Aircraft
- •Procedural ATC
- •Radar Control
- •Radar Identification
- •Radar Service
- •Aerodrome Control
- •Approach Control Service
- •Air Traffic Advisory Service
- •Aircraft Emergencies
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)
- •Introduction
- •General
- •The Integrated Aeronautical Information Package
- •The Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)
- •Notices to Airmen (NOTAM)
- •SNOWTAM
- •ASHTAM
- •Aeronautical Information Circulars (AICs)
- •Pre-flight and Post-flight Information
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Reference Code
- •Glossary of Terms
- •Aerodrome Data
- •Runways
- •Taxiways
- •Aprons
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Requirements
- •Visual Aids for Navigation
- •Runway Markings
- •Taxiway Markings
- •Signs
- •Markers
- •Visual Docking Guidance Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Aerodrome Lighting
- •Aerodrome Lights
- •Approach Lighting Systems
- •Runway Lighting
- •Taxiway Lighting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •22 Obstacle Marking and Aerodrome Services
- •Introduction
- •Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles
- •Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted Use Areas
- •Emergency and Other Services
- •Other Aerodrome Services
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •23 Facilitation
- •Entry and Departure of Aircraft
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •24 Search and Rescue
- •Definitions and Abbreviations
- •Establishment and Provision of SAR Service
- •Co-operation between States
- •Operating Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •25 Security
- •Introduction
- •Objectives
- •Organization
- •Preventative Security Measures
- •Management of Response to Acts of Unlawful Interference
- •Further Security Information
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •26 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
- •Introduction
- •Objective of Investigation
- •Investigations
- •Serious Incidents
- •EU Considerations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •27 Revision Questions
- •Revision Questions
- •Answers
- •EASA Specimen Examination
- •Answers to Specimen EASA Examination
- •28 Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
- •Chapter Five. Flight Crew Licensing
- •European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
- •Licences
- •Ratings
- •Certificates
- •EASA Part-MED
- •29 Index
Approach Procedures |
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Track Reversal and Racetracks
8.41Requirement. If a straight-in approach is not possible (or feasible), a procedure may be established using a facility on the aerodrome that serves both as the IAF and the MAPt. In this case, some form of track reversal procedure will be required in which the aircraft is flown outbound from the facility on a defined track, and then turned to fly inbound back towards the facility. This may be a procedure turn or a base turn.
8.42Procedure Turn. A procedure turn is defined as a turn from outbound to inbound in which the tracks flown are reciprocal. There are two types:
Approach Procedures 8
Figure 8.17 Track reversal - procedure turn
8.43 45°/180° Procedure Turn. This requires track guidance to a point (timed or DME) where a 45° turn is made followed by a straight leg of either 1 minute (category A or B aircraft) or 1 minute and 15 seconds (category C, D and E). At the end of the timed leg a rate 1 turn is made through 180° to bring the aircraft into a position to intercept the reciprocal of the outbound track at an interception angle of 45°.
CAT A and B = 1 min |
CAT C, D and E = |
1 min 15 sec |
45°/180° Procedure Turn |
Figure 8.18 45°/180° - procedure turn
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8 Approach Procedures
8.44 80°/260° Procedure Turn. This requires track guidance to a point (timed or DME) where an 80° rate 1 turn is made followed immediately by an opposite direction 260° rate 1 turn. In still air, this should bring the aircraft on to the reciprocal of the outbound track. Also in still air, the procedure should take exactly 2 minutes.
Procedures Approach 8
Start of turn defined by fix or may be timed
80°/260° Procedure Turn
Figure 8.19 80°/260° - procedure turn
Figure 8.20 Procedure turn shown on an approach plate
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Approach Procedures |
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8.45 Base Turn. Where accurate outbound track guidance can be provided by an NDB or VOR, a base turn can be specified where the inbound track is not the reciprocal of the outbound track. The specified outbound track is followed to a predetermined point at which a rate 1 turn is made so that the aircraft rolls out on the required inbound track.
End of outbound leg may be timed or defined by DME
Base Turn
Figure 8.21 Base turn
Figure 8.22 Base turn shown on an approach plate
Approach Procedures 8
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Approach Procedures |
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Procedures Approach 8
8.46 Racetrack Procedure. A racetrack consists of a turn from the inbound track through 180° at the facility or a fix after which, the outbound leg is flown to a point defined by time or a fix at which another turn through 180° is made to bring the aircraft back on to the inbound track. It is used where aircraft are required to enter a holding pattern prior to commencing the instrument procedure, and where the orientation of the holding pattern does not permit either a procedure turn or a base turn to be used. It will normally be specified as an ‘alternate procedure’ and specific instructions will be included on the plate.
Orientation of holding |
Normal reversing |
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pattern does not permit a |
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procedure turn or base turn |
turn procedure |
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‘Racetrack’ is an extension of the outbound leg to a defined fix, where an inbound turn is commenced
Figure 8.23 Racetrack procedure
Figure 8.24 Racetrack shown on an approach plate
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