- •Textbook Series
- •Contents
- •1 Definitions
- •Introduction
- •Abbreviations
- •Definitions
- •2 International Agreements and Organizations
- •The Chicago Convention
- •International Law
- •Commercial Considerations
- •Customs and Excise, and Immigration
- •International Obligations of Contracted States
- •Duties of ICAO Member States
- •Status of Annex Components
- •The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- •The Organization of ICAO
- •Regional Structure of ICAO
- •Regional Structure and Offices
- •ICAO Publications
- •Other International Agreements
- •The Conventions of Tokyo, the Hague and Montreal
- •The Warsaw Convention
- •The Rome Convention
- •IATA
- •ECAC
- •EASA
- •Eurocontrol
- •World Trade Organization
- •Geneva Convention
- •EU Regulation 261/2004
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •3 Airworthiness of Aircraft
- •Introduction
- •Airworthiness
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •4 Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
- •Introduction
- •Nationality and Registration Marks
- •Certification of Registration
- •Aircraft Markings
- •Classification of Aircraft
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •5 Flight Crew Licensing
- •Introduction
- •Definitions
- •General Rules Concerning Licensing
- •Licences and Ratings for Pilots
- •Multi-crew Pilot Licence (MPL)
- •Instrument Rating (Aeroplane) (IR(A))
- •Instructor and Examiner Rating
- •JAR-FCL 3 Medical Requirements
- •Pilot Proficiency
- •EASA Theoretical Knowledge Examinations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •6 Rules of the Air
- •History
- •Applicability of the Rules of the Air
- •General Rules
- •Visual Flight Rules
- •Instrument Flight Rules
- •Semi-circular Flight Level Rules and RVSM
- •Special VFR
- •Distress and Urgency Signals
- •Restricted, Prohibited or Danger Areas
- •Signals for Aerodrome Traffic
- •Marshalling Signals
- •Flight Deck Signals
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Instrument Procedures
- •PANS OPS
- •Instrument Departure Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •8 Approach Procedures
- •Procedure Basics
- •Approach Procedure Design
- •Obstacle Clearance Altitude/Height
- •Operating Minima
- •Descent Gradients
- •Track Reversal and Racetracks
- •Missed Approach Segment and Procedure
- •Published Information
- •RNAV Approach Procedures based on VOR/DME
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •9 Circling Approach
- •Circling Approach
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •10 Holding Procedures
- •Holding Procedures
- •Entry Sectors
- •ATC Considerations
- •Obstacle Clearance
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •11 Altimeter Setting Procedure
- •Altimeter Setting Objectives
- •Transition
- •Phases of Flight
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •12 Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation
- •Safety
- •Runway Spacing
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •13 SSR and ACAS
- •Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS)
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •14 Airspace
- •Introduction
- •Control Areas and Zones
- •Classes of Airspace
- •Required Navigation Performance (RNP)
- •Airways and ATS Routes
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •15 Air Traffic Services
- •Introduction
- •Air Traffic Control
- •ATC Clearances
- •Control of Persons and Vehicles at Aerodromes
- •The Flight Information Service
- •The Alerting Service
- •Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •16 Separation
- •Concept of Separation
- •Vertical Separation
- •Horizontal Separation
- •Radar Separation
- •Procedural Wake Turbulence Separation
- •Radar Wake Turbulence Separation
- •Visual Separation in the Vicinity of Aerodromes
- •Stacking
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •17 Control of Aircraft
- •Procedural ATC
- •Radar Control
- •Radar Identification
- •Radar Service
- •Aerodrome Control
- •Approach Control Service
- •Air Traffic Advisory Service
- •Aircraft Emergencies
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •18 Aeronautical Information Service (AIS)
- •Introduction
- •General
- •The Integrated Aeronautical Information Package
- •The Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP)
- •Notices to Airmen (NOTAM)
- •SNOWTAM
- •ASHTAM
- •Aeronautical Information Circulars (AICs)
- •Pre-flight and Post-flight Information
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Introduction
- •Aerodrome Reference Code
- •Glossary of Terms
- •Aerodrome Data
- •Runways
- •Taxiways
- •Aprons
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •Requirements
- •Visual Aids for Navigation
- •Runway Markings
- •Taxiway Markings
- •Signs
- •Markers
- •Visual Docking Guidance Systems
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •21 Aerodrome Lighting
- •Aerodrome Lights
- •Approach Lighting Systems
- •Runway Lighting
- •Taxiway Lighting
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •22 Obstacle Marking and Aerodrome Services
- •Introduction
- •Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles
- •Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted Use Areas
- •Emergency and Other Services
- •Other Aerodrome Services
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •23 Facilitation
- •Entry and Departure of Aircraft
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •24 Search and Rescue
- •Definitions and Abbreviations
- •Establishment and Provision of SAR Service
- •Co-operation between States
- •Operating Procedures
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •25 Security
- •Introduction
- •Objectives
- •Organization
- •Preventative Security Measures
- •Management of Response to Acts of Unlawful Interference
- •Further Security Information
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •26 Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation
- •Introduction
- •Objective of Investigation
- •Investigations
- •Serious Incidents
- •EU Considerations
- •Questions
- •Answers
- •27 Revision Questions
- •Revision Questions
- •Answers
- •EASA Specimen Examination
- •Answers to Specimen EASA Examination
- •28 Addendum – EASA Part-FCL & Part-MED
- •Chapter Five. Flight Crew Licensing
- •European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)
- •Licences
- •Ratings
- •Certificates
- •EASA Part-MED
- •29 Index
Chapter
12
Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation
Simultaneous Operation on Parallel or Near-parallel Runways . . . . . . |
. . |
. . . . |
233 |
Modes of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . |
. . . |
233 |
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . |
. . . . 238 |
|
Runway Spacing |
|
|
239 |
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . |
. . . |
242 |
Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . |
. . . . |
244 |
231
12 Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation
Operation Runway parallel-Near or Parallel 12
Figure 12.1 Mode 1 - Independent parallel approaches
232
Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation 12
Simultaneous Operation on Parallel or Near-parallel Runways
Modes of Operation
12.1Introduction. The need to increase capacity at aerodromes handling IFR traffic in IMC can be met by the use of parallel or near-parallel runways. An aerodrome already having dual/ parallel precision approach (ILS or MLS) runways could increase its capacity if these runways could be safely operated simultaneously and independently in IMC. There is increasing pressure on major aerodromes, like Stansted, to build a second (parallel) runway and virtually all new aerodrome constructions (e.g. Chek Lap - Hong Kong) are constructed with parallel runway configurations. It is also not uncommon for the runway arrangement to include three or even four parallel (or near parallel) runways and for all of them to be in operation together. In this section the discussion will be biased towards pure parallel runway arrangements, but the procedures are the same or similar for all other arrangements. There are a variety of modes of operation associated with parallel or near-parallel runways. All parallel runway operations require the provision and use of radar.
12.2Simultaneous Parallel Instrument Approaches. There are two basic modes of operation possible:
12.3Mode 1: Independent Parallel Approaches: Approaches are made to parallel runways where radar separation minima between aircraft using adjacent ILS and/or MLS are not applied. Regardless of the weather conditions, all approaches are to be radar monitored with radar controllers specifically detailed for that duty only. Dedicated discrete RTF frequencies are allocated to the radar controllers. Only straight-in approaches are permitted with parallel runway operation. Track reversal procedures are not permitted.
12.4Separation. Each pair of parallel approaches will have a ‘high’ side and a ‘low’ side to provide vertical separation until aircraft are established inbound on the respective ILS localizer course. The high side will be 300 m (1000 ft) above the low side. Before vertical separation can be reduced below 300 m (1000 ft), both aircraft on a simultaneous parallel approach must be established on the ILS localizer centre line or MLS final approach track. Once the 300 m (1000 ft) separation is reduced, the radar controller will issue instructions if the aircraft deviates significantly from the localizer course.
Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation 12
233
12 Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation
12.5 Mode 2: Dependent Parallel Approaches: Approaches are made to parallel runways where radar separation minima between aircraft using adjacent ILS and/or MLS are applied. Regardless of the weather conditions, all approaches are to be radar monitored with radar controllers specifically detailed for that duty only. Dedicated discrete RTF frequencies are allocated to the radar controllers. Only straight-in approaches are permitted with parallel runway operation. Track reversal procedures are not permitted. During vectoring to intercept the localizer the maximum interception angle permitted is 30° and a minimum of 1 NM straight and level flight is required before localizer intercept. Vectoring is also to ensure that the localizer track is intercepted and flown for at least 2 NM before glide path intercept. Until the aircraft is established on the localizer, the normal minimum radar separation of 5 NM shall apply. Aircraft carrying out parallel operations must be equipped with full ILS/MLS.
Operation Runway parallel-Near or Parallel 12
234
Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation 12
Mode 2 - Dependent parallel approaches |
|
12 |
|
or Near-parallel Runway Operation |
|
Figure 12.2 |
Parallel |
235
12 Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation
Operation Runway parallel-Near or Parallel 12
12.6 Mode 3: Simultaneous Instrument Departures. This operation is known as Mode 3 Independent Parallel Departures. It involves simultaneous departures for aircraft departing in the same direction from parallel runways. All departing traffic must be identified by radar at a distance of not more than 1 NM from DER. All departure tracks must diverge by a minimum of 15° immediately after take-off.
Note: When the minimum distance between two parallel runways is less than the specified value for wake turbulence separation considerations for departing aircraft, the runways are considered to be a single runway and therefore a simultaneous dependent parallel departure mode is not used. |
Figure 12.3 Mode 3 - Simultaneous instrument departures |
|
|
236
Parallel or Near-parallel Runway Operation 12
12.7 Mode 4: Segregated Departures/Arrivals: This operation is known as Mode 4 Segregated Parallel Operations. In this mode, one runway is used exclusively for approaches and the other runway is used exclusively for departures. This is the mode of operation at London Heathrow.
departures/arrivals. |
12 |
|
|
Runway Operation |
|
Segregated |
Near-parallel |
Mode 4 - |
Parallel or |
Figure 12.4: |
|
237